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Photpgmphic 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  ST^f  ET 

WEBSTek,  N.f.  !4SbO 

(716)  87i2-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiq 


ues 


'^ 


Tschnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


0    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  at/ou  palliculAe 

□    Cover  title  missing/ 
La  titra  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiquas  an  couleur 

0   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 

r^    Coloured  plates  and/or  illusirations/ 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  ie  long  de  la  marge  int6riaure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  4tA  filmies. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  meilleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  ixi  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thoda  normale  de  filmaga 
sont  indiqute  ci-desaous. 


D 
Q 

D 

a 
n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^as 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^colories,  tarhetAes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigala  de  {'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  iti  filmies  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 


10X 

14X 

18X 

■  IIUK 

4ua  b 

i-aaa 

sous 
22X 

26X 

30X 

^ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  haa  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library 
Agriculture  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »•  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  i  la 
g^nirositi  de: 

Bibliothdque 
Agriculture  Canada  . 

Les  Images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reprodultes  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet«  de  l'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  Ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'lliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparohra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich«,  il  est  f  ilmd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

4-. 


\ 


\  m 


A 


I  -   iiLVfcR    LEAF 
I-  YELLOW    BIHCi 
U- -   SYCAMORE. 


I    -    ilLVfcR    LEAF    POPLAR 
I-  YELLOW    BIHCH. 
S-   SYCAMORE. 


4  -Wis.  v/eEP|.NQ  vMLLOv 

.'). -8ALSAM    POPLAR. 
*i.-AM.   WHITE    BIRCH. 


T,-EU.   WHITE    BlUCH 
8.-  HONEY    LOCUST. 


\ 


\ 


! 


V 


1— LARGE    WHIVE    POOLAR, 


4     -■  SC«RLET    MAPLE 


B,  -  BALM    OP    GILEAD 


•i  -TULIP   TREE. 


r  i;    RHf-CH 


■RUSSIAN    MULBERRY, 


;i.  -  NORWAY   MAPI  t 


I 


Pro 


FOREST 


H 


H 


SECOND    EDITION, 


A   PRACTICAL   WORK 


ON   I  HE 


PKOI'AGATION-  AND  MANAGIiMHNT  OH  TRHI; 


S 


I? 


FOR 


toRKST  AND  OrNAMENTAL   PlANTING. 


WITH   A 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 


Ry    W.    W.   JOHNSON, 

Author  and  1'uhlisher, 

-VA-O'd/./.w  A/r,    ANTRIM    CO..    At!  C  fl  Hi  A  X 


1LI.TJSTR  ATED     IN     C  O  I.  (  )  H  S 

l!\    Armstronc  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 


CHICAGO: 

J.    J.    SPVI.UING   *    Co.,    PkINTKRS    A\n    BlNDKH^, 

■  58  CuRK  Stri:et. 

IWI4. 


ENifcKEi.  AccoKi.iN*;   lo  Art  oi   CoMiREts,  IN   nil.  Viak   1883,  t\\ 

W.  W.    Jdll  N'SON, 
In  the  Oikick  01    iiik  I.iiirarian  01   Comiriss,  ai  Wamiin<;ion. 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


n?()rA(;ATH)x. 


I 


'he  two  methods  most  commonlv  finployed  in  the  propagation  of  the 
I'-nt  varieties  of  trees  iist-d  in  forest  and  ornamental  planting  are,  firstly, 
/  s.:ui,  vvhi.h  may  properly  be  termed  the  natural  method,  and  secondlyi 
'/  cuttings  of  III,-  liHioi/, 


nil.  Vi AK  1S83,  ii\ 


s,  A!   Wash iN<; ION. 


hi<:ki>s. 

As  a  rule,  the  different  kinds  of  forest  trees  are  i.erpetuated  from  seed 
Yithout   pen  ei)tible  variation  from  the  parent  type,  while  the  reverse  is  true 
-$f  nearly  all  of  the  cultivated  varieties  of  fruit  trees  and  i)!ants. 

In  learning  to  grow  trees  from  seed,  it  is  necessarv  to  observe  their  nii- 
iral  .onditions  and  surroundings  in  any  given  case,  the  character  of  the  seed 
IS  period  of  ripening,  its  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  weather  after  ripcn- 
ng.  the  degree  of  moisture  and  temperature   at  which  it  starts  into  growth 
he  character  ot  the  soil  it  occupies,  and  the  various  conditions  under  which 
he  young  shoot  grows  and  tiirives  after  germination.     For  example-     The 
>eech  nut  ripens  late  in   the  fail,  is   released    from    its  cup.  which   has   l.-en 
ipened  by  the  action  of  the  frost,  and  falls  to  the  ground,  to  be  immediately 
i>il.edded  in  the  damp  fallen    leaves,  where   it   starts    into  germination    the 
nsuing  spring  at  a  low  temperature,  only  a    few  degrees  above  the  freezing 
KJint,  Nature  having  thus  kept  it  perfectly  fresh,  without  any  exposure   to  a 
trying    atmosphere.       After    germination,  only  those    specimens  which    are 
avored  with  shade  and  moisture  during  the  summer  months  are  apt  to  sur- 
ive.     Then,  a  tew  years  later,  we  find  these   survivors   in  need  of  more  air 
■Bd  sunshine,  and  ready  to  start  into  vigorous  growth  at  the  removal  of  the 
uperabundant    shade.     Another    example:     The    catalpa  seed,    which  also 
ipens  in  the  tail,  is  contained  in  a  long,  smooth  pod.  which   during  the  pro- 
CBS  of  growth  and  ripening  gradually  parts  with    its    moisture,  the   outside 
hell  becoming  ban!  and    gla/.ed,  so  as  to  exclude   dampness,  the  whole   re- 
lainingon  thclreeina   dry  .:ondition  during   the  winter  months,  and    not 
ntil  the  sun's  hot  rays  liave  warmed  the  soil  do  the  drying  winds  of  spring 
Urst  the  pods  asunder  and   .any  the    iight-winged   seeds  through   the  air 
nally  deposiung  them  on  the  surface  in  a  thoroughly  dry  condition,  perhapj 
fling  a  little  sand,  dust  or  other  light  <overing   over   them.     'I'wo  or  three 
■eeks  later  the  young  seedlings  come  forth  in  full  exposure  to  the  sunlight 
nd  thrive  and  llourish  without  siuule  of  any  kind.    Hence  it  will  be  observed 
lat  while  certain  general  dire,  lions  may  be  given  concerning    tJie   prepara- 


m 


I 
I 


FOREST  LEAIES. 
4 

tion  of  the  soil,  sowing  the  seed,  transplanting,  etc.,  that  will  be  applicable 
in  most  cases,  it  will  also  be  necessary  to  note  the  pecul.ant.es  of  each,  a.id 
the  treatment  required  to  insure  success.  Th.s  will  be  done  further  on,  .n 
connection  with  the  descriptive  list.  ...  „„^    ot 

In  undertaking  to  grow  a  general  assortment  of  var.et.es  fron.  seed,  at 
least  four  different  plats  of  ground  will  be  needed,  wh.ch  we  w^  des.gna 
respectivelv  as  the  Seed  Bed,  the  Seedling  Nursery,  the  Nursery,  and  the 
Forest,  all  of  which  should  be  in  a  good  state  of  cult.vat.on,  a  stones  htte. 
and  rubbish  of  every  kind  removed,  and  the  ground  thoroughly  and  deeply- 
plowed.  re,,lowed  and  leveled  down,  just  previous  to  sow..ig.  plant.ng,  or 
'  .nspl^nting,  as  the  case  may  be.  The  following  descr.bed  tools  w.ll  be 
needed  in  addition  to  those  co.nmonly  .n  use  on  the  farn.  : 

A  wooden  rake.with  a  head  about  tbvee  feet  wide,  and  teeth  made  broad 
at  the  base,  and  tapering  to  a  point,  and  set  six  inches  apart.  1  h.s  .s  for  use 
on  the  seed  bed  as  a  marker,  with  which  tc  open  the  rows,  and  also  to  co^e. 

Two  iron  planting  stakes  eighteen  inches  long,  with  sharp  point  at  lower 
end,  and  a  hor./ontal  bar  eight  inches  long  inserted  near  the  top.  .n  the  form 

A°pl'anting  line,  to  be  attached  to  the  stakes,  which  is  stretched  tightly 
when  needed  by  inserting  the  stakes  in  the  ground  and  winding  up,  turn.ng 
then  by  means  of  the  hori/onlal  bar.  ,       ,    u    ,. 

K  large  wooden  marker,  in  the  form  of  a  rake,  w.th  a  heavy  head  about 
six  feet  wide,  and  te.th  set  about  fifteen  inches  apart.  They  should  ue  nine 
inches  long,  made  wide  at  the  base,  and  sharpened  to  a  point. 

One  Kuhlman's  wheel  hoe,-a  tool  v/h.ch  is  indispensable  .n  any  garden. 
Thev  are  on  sale  at  all  the  leading  seed  stores,  and  cost  at  reta.l  $S-5o  ^-^ach. 


THE  8EE1>  BED 

is  neces.arv  for  certain  varieties  which  recp.ire  careful  nursing,  shading,  or 
other  special  treatment,  or  wh.ch  are  adapted  to  be...g  g.own  very  closeU- 
together  at  the  start.  Only  a  small  piece  of  ground  .s  needed  for  th.s  pur- 
pose, and  a  portion  of  it  should  be  covered  with  open  lattice  work,  or  .n 
som^  other  lay  prepared  so  as  to  partially  exclude  the  sun  s  rays,  a..d  also 
admit  the  rain ;  to  be  devoted  to  those  varieties  which  re<iu.re  shade  he  firs 
sea"!  from  seed,  and  also  those  small  seedlings  which  need  shade  the  first 
season  from  transplanting. 

^fter  the  bed  has  been  made  smooth  and  level,  take  the  small  marker 
above  described  and  open  the  rows  by  drawing  it  across  the  bed.  bow  the 
eed  thicklv  in  the  rows;  then,  by  placing  the  marker  so  that  the  tee  h  w 
pass  half  wav  between  the  rows,  and  drawing  it  across  the  bed,  the  seed  wdl 
be  nicely  co'vered.  Regulate  the  depth  to  which  the  seeds  are  covered,  by 
drawina  the  rake  lightly  or  heavily  as  needed.  Tree  s.  eds,  as  a  rule,  shou 
be  covc-rcd  very  lightly-just  su^cent  to  hid.  them  from  view.  Ih.s  wdl 
apply  to  a,l  small  seeds,  and  most  large  ones.  If  the  grou..d  seems  to  be  too 
dry  at  the  surface,  better  take  pains  to  ^eep  it  moist  with  the  sprinkler,  than 


FOREST  LEA  I'ES. 


pplicable 
ach,  and 
ler  on,  in 

1  seed,  at 
designate 
and  the 
les,  litter 
id  deeply 
inting,  or 
s  will   be 


ide  broad 

is  for  use 

)  to  cover 

t  at  lower 
n  the  form 

ed  tightly 
p,  turning 

ead  about 
Id  be  nine 

ny  garden. 
;S.5o  each. 


shading,  or 
ery  closf^v 
)r  this  pur- 
work,  or  in 
^s,  and  also 
de  the  first 
ide  the  first 

lall  marker 
i.  Sow  the 
le  teeth  will 
he  seed  will 
covered,  by 
rule,  should 
.  This  will 
Ills  to  be  too 
rinkler,  than 


to  bury  the  seeds  so  deep  that  they  can  never  reach  the  light.  The  distance 
to  which  a  shoot  can  push  upward  through  the  soil  before  its  vitality  is 
exhausted,  vanes  usually  according  to  the  sixe  of  the  seeds,  but  in  all  cases  it 
.s  very  hm.ted,  excepting  the  walnuts,  oaks,  and  a  few  other  kinds  which 
grow  strong  tap  roots.  The  time  for  sowing  n.ost  varieties  is  late  fall  or  early 
spring  either  according  to  convenience.  Those  seeds  which  are  liable  to  be 
injured  by  dryng  can  be  kept  fresh  through  the  winter  by  mixing  th^m  with 

tie  ground      Some  varieties,  not  affected  by  frost,  .an  be  left  on  the  surface 
of  .he  ground,  and  covered  with  a  litter  of  leaves  or  straw.     All  the  seeds  of 
coniferous  varieties  are  greatly  benefited  by  being  soaked  in  warm  water  for 
our  or  five  days   previous  to  sowing,  changing  the  water  daily  to   prevent 
souring  or  fermentation.     After  having  been  soaked,  as  above  recommended 
to  facilitate  sowing,  they  may  be  rubbed    in  dry  sand  to  remove  the  surface 
moisture,  and  the  sand  sifted  out  with  a  fine  sieve.     The  seed  bed  should  be 
gone  over  several  times  during  the  summer,  and   all  veeds   and   grass  care- 
fully removed.     In  doing  this,  frequent  use  of  the  knife  should  be  made,  to 
remove  weeds  that  cannot  be  pulled  up  without  disturbing  the  roots   of    he 
young  seedlings.     Many  varieties  of  tree  seeds  do  not   germinate  until    I  e 

ntervals  along  he  rows,  so  that  their  location  may  be  known  at  time  of  weed- 
ng  and  care  taken  not  to  displace  the  dormant  seed.  All  varieties  planted 
■   the  seed  bed  winch  do  not  attain  a  growth  of,  say  five  inches  the  frst  sei- 

his  wil  include  about  all  of  the  evergreen  varieties,  and  some  of  the  others. 
1  hose  which  exceed  five  inches  should  be  transplanted  into  the  seedling  nur- 
sery after  the  first  year's  growth,  and  all  the  others  after  two  years'  growth. 

THE  SEEDLING  M  KSEUY. 

In  this  should  be  so.vn  or  planted  the  seed  of  those  varieties  which  make 

aso    iltheeveijreensandother   small  seedlings,  on  their  removal  from  thj 
d  bed,  should  be  transplanted   here.     Thus  the  seedling  nurserv  will  co  - 
ist  of  two  separate  departments,-one  fur  sowing  or  planting  seed!  the  other 
(or  transplanting  young  seedlings. 

For  the   seed  open   the  rows  fifteen   inches  apart  bv  drawing  the  ku-e 
rker  ac.oss  t   e  ground.      So.  as  closely  as  the  si,:e  of  the  seed   will   pe^! 
nuL     Lover  with  a  garden  rake  or  hoe,  oi    by  using  the  uheel  hoe  with  the 
I'lades  reversed,  they  can  be  covered  as  fast  as  a  man  ran  walk 

o,  transijlantingopen  the  trenches  fifteen  inches  apart,  using  the  stakes 

and   line.     Set  the  stakes  with    Ime  attached  one   at  each  cn<l  of  the    row 

W  the     ine  tightly  by  windin,  on  one  of  the   stakes.      c  .pen    the   trr^i 

.  h  a  spade  to  whatever  depth  may  be  necessary  to  admit  the  roots,  cuttin,; 

pe  pendicularly  on   the  side  next  to  the  line.      Place  the  seedlings  ,n    th'^ 

""■     as  .  ose  y  as  the  roots  will  permit.     Secure   them  in  an  uprt^ht   posi! 

on  do,e   to  the   l,„e  by  packing  the  soil  firmly  against   the   roc' tsrthe      fill 

"P  the  trench  and  tramp  ea.h  side  of  the  row  firmlv  with  the  feet       Proceed 


6  FOREST  LEAVES. 

in  like  manner  with  each  row,  being  careful  while  putting  in  the  seedlings  to 
keep  them  from  actual  contact  with  the  line,  or  the  result  will  be  a  crooked 
row.  Crowding  the  line  is  a  very  common  fault  with  beginners.  In 
handling  seedlings  that  have  been  grown  in  the  seed-bed  or  purchased  from 
a  distance  great  care  should  be  taken  to  |)revent  the  roots  from  drying. 
Keep  them  constantly  covered  with  soil  or  wrapped  in  moistened  sacks.  A 
few  minutes'  exposure  of  the  roots  of  evergreens  to  the  dry  air  is  sure  death 
and  is  very  damaging  to  most  deciduous  varieties. 

The  seedling  nursery  should  have  good  clean  cultivation,  and  for  this 
puri)ose  Ruhlman's  wheel  hoe  is  recommended  as  being  a  very  economical 
and  effective  tool. 

.A.11  tiie  seedlings  in  the  seedling  nursery  should  be  removed  after  one 
season's  growth.  A  few  of  the  most  rapid  growing  varieties  should  then 
be  set  in  the  forest,  while  all  the  evergreens  and  most  of  the  others  should 
be  transi)lanted  into 

THE   NUKSEUY. 

In  the  nursery  the  rows  should  be  three  feet  ajjart  and  the  trees  six  and 
twelve  inches  apart  in  the  row.  The  former  being  the  distance  for  deciduous 
varieties  and  the  latter  for  evergreens.  Plant  with  stake  and  line,  exercise 
the  same  care  in  handling  and  give  the  same  cirltivation  as  recommended 
above.  The  evergreens  should  be  removed  from  the  nursery  to  their  jjer- 
nianent  place  in  the  forest  or  elsewhere  when  they  have  attained  a  hight 
of  from  two  to  three  feet,  the  smaller  si/e  being  preferable ;  and  the 
deciduous  varieties  when   from  four  to  five  feet  high. 


THE    FOREST. 


It  is  a  matter  of  common  observation  that  whenever  any  tree  grows 
in  an  isolated  position  in  the  oi)en  field  it  will  form  a  very  short  trunk 
and  a  large,  spreading  top,  and  that  while  trees  grown  for  their  fruit  yield 
the  best  returns  when  of  this  character,  rpiite  the  reverse  is  true  when 
the  object  is  the  production  of  timber.  By  observation  of  natural  forests, 
and  from  the  experience  of  i)Ianters  in  Europe  and  elsewhere,  we  learn 
that  the  best  timber  results  are  produced  by  planting  the  trees  closely 
enough  at  the  start  so  that  after  a  year  or  two  of  cultivation  a  constant 
shading  of  the  surface  will  be  maintained  during  the  growing  season,  and  at 
the  same  time  each  individual  tree  will  have  room  enough  to  make  a  healthy 
growth,  thinning  out  by  removing  ahernate  trees  from  time  to  time  as  more 
space  is  retjuired.  Hence  the  following  directions  arc  given,  rv:,.'  Set  the 
rows  four  I'eet  apart  and  the  trees  two  feet  ajiart  in  the  rows.  Cultivate  the 
ground  for  two  years.  .At  the  close  of  the  third  season  remove  every  alter- 
nate tree  in  the  rows.  At  six  years  from  planting  remove  every  alternate  row, 
At  nine  years  from  planting  remove  every  alternate  tree  in  the  rows  then 
standing.  At  twelve  years  from  planting  remove  every  alternate  row.  At  fif- 
teen years  from  planting  remove  every  alternate  tree  in  the  rows  then  standing. 

On  this  |)lan  the  stand  would   be  as  follows,  ,-/':..• 


ii 


77 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


I  St  to     4th  year 

2  by 

4  feet 

4th  to     7th  year 

4  by 

4  feet 

7th  to   loth  year 

4  by 

8  feet 

loth  to   13th  year 

8  by 

8  feet 

13th  to   1 6th  year 

8  by 

16  feet 

1 6th  year  and  thereafter 

16  bv 

16  feet 

5445  trees  per  acre 

2722  trees  per  acre 

136 1  trees  per  acre 

680  trees  per  acre 

340  trees  per  acre 

170  trees  per  acre 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  thac  after  three  years  the  forest 
plantation  commences  to  be  a  source  of  revenue  in  the  way  of  poles  and 
fuel  from  the  necessary  thinnings,  and  that  this  supply  is  constantly  in- 
creasing with  each  year's  growth. 


Hi: 


THE    UNITED  STATES  LAW 

for  the  encouragement  of  timber  planting,  as  amended  in  1878,  is  given  in 
full  at  the  close  of  this  volume.     Helow  is  a  partial  abstract  of  the  same 
which  will  serve  as  a  guide  to  planters  operating  under  this  law. 
In  case  of  a  one  hundred  and  sixty  acre  claim: 

KiKST  Ykar.     Break  or  plow  five  acres. 

Skcono  Vkak.  Break  or  plow  another  five  acres,  and  cultivate  to 
crop  or  otherwise   the  five  acres  broken  the  first  year. 

Thiri*  Year.  Cultivate  to  crop  or  otherwise  the  five  acres  broken  the 
second  year,  and  plant  in  timber,  seeds,  or  cuttings  the  five  acres  broken  the 
first  year,  with  not  less  than  twenty-seven  hundred  trees  to  each  acre. 

Fot-RTH  Vf.ar.  Plant  in  timber,  seeds,  or  cuttings  the  five  acres 
broken  tlio  second  year,  with  not  less  than  twenty-seven  hundred  trees  to 
each  acre,  (^iltivate  and  protect  for  eight  years  (counting  from  first  year 
above  mentioned),  and  have  growing  on  each  acre  at  time  of  making  proof, 
not  less  than  six  hundred  and  seventy-five  living  and  tlirifty  trees. 

If  the  entry  be  for  less  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  one-sixteenth 
of  the  number  of  acres  entered  must  be  planted  in  the  same  manner  and  in 
the  same  proportions  as  stated  above.  In  regard  to  the  kind  of  trees  which 
may  be  planted,  any  variety  will  do  which  is  recognized  in  the  neighborhood 
as  being  of  value  for  timber  or  commercial  purposes,  or  for  firewood  and 
domestic  use.  This  is  in  accordance  with  a  decision  given  February  iotl„ 
18S2.  Previous  to  this  time  a  list  had  l)een  specified  by  the  department 
which  omitted  several  varieties  of  recognized  value,  tiuis  causing  consider- 
able dissatisfaction  among  planters. 

As  already  indicated,  the  principal  supply  of  trees  for  the  forest  planta- 
tion should  consist  of  transi)lantcd  stock  from  tlie  nursery,  or  seedlings  from 
the  seedling  nursery,  but  there  are  some  varieties  of  such  rapid  and  vigorous 
growth  and  so  easy  to  manage  that  they  do  not  need  the  care  of  the  nursery, 
and  the  seed  may  be  planted  directly  in  the  forest :  these  will  be  mentioned 
in  the  descriptive  list.      i'lie   poplar  and   willow  cuttings   will   also  do   very 


well,  if  planted  at  once    m    the  forest 
prin<  ipal   objection    to   planlin'' 


or   other   permanent   location.     'I'iie 
and    small   seedlings  of  many  of  the 


-rr^tJ/^"' 


8 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


slower  growing  varieties  at  once  in  tlie  forest  is,  that  they  require  carefur 
cultivation  until  they  have  attained  sufficient  growth  to  shade  the  ground 
and  take  care  of  themselves,  and  this  can  be  more  cheaply  and  effectively 
done  in  the  nurseries  than  in  tlie  forest,  as  a  great  deal  less  ground  is  occu- 
pied. For  instance:  the  space  required  in  the  seedling  nursery  for  twenty 
thousand  seedlings  the  first  year  from  seed  would  contain  about  three  hundred 
as  planted  in  the  nursery  and  only  fifty  as  planted  in  the  forest. 

Various  plans  have  been  adopted  to  facilitate  the  work  of  making  forest 
plantations,  but  probably  the  most  economical  and  expeditious  way  is  to 
open  the  trenches  with  a  plow,  going  twice  in  the  same  furrow  where  the 
length  of  roots  requires  it,  setting  the  trees  in  the  middle  of  the  trench  thus 
made.  It  requires  one  man  to  distribute  the  trees  and  hold  them  in  an  up- 
right position,  while  another  packs  the  soil  closely  around  the.  roots ;  then 
after  a  quantity  have  been  placed  in  position  in  this  way,  the  trenches  can 
be  leveled  up  with  spades  and  tramped  firmly  with  the  feet.  The  depth  to 
which  trees  should  be  set  varies  somewhat  with  the  soil  and  climate- 
\Vhere  the  soil  is  good  and  the  climate  favorable  they  should  be  set  no 
deeper  than  they  stood  before  removal;  but  in  light  soils  with  a  climate 
subject  to  extremes  of  heat  and  drouth  it  is  advisable  to  set  them  about 
two  inches  deeper. 

SEEDLINGS. 

It  will  be  evident,  by  this  time,  to  the  reader  who  has  carefully  studied 
the  foregoing  general  instructions  for  growing  trees  from  seed,  and  who 
will  also  note  further  the  particulars  concerning  the  management  of  seeds 
of  the  several  varieties  in  the  descriptive  list,  that  a  great  deal  of  patient, 
persevering  study  and  work  are  necessary  to  insure  success.  Whoever 
undertakes  it  will  also  learn  that,  with  all  the  theoretical  knowledge  that 
can  be  had  upon  the  subject,  there  is  still  much  to  be  learned  from  actual 
experience.  Those  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  process  of  growing  froni 
seed,  and  who  attempt  to  produce  a  general  assortment  of  trees  in  this 
way,  thinking  it  cheaper  than  to  buy  young  seedlings,  will  probably  be 
disappointed  at  the  result.  Hence,  from  a  business  standpoint,  that  is, 
with  a  view  to  g,  tting  the  best  returns  for  the  money  invested,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  planters  who  have  not  had  the  necessary  experience  should 
buy  young  seedlings,  or  transplanted   stock  from  seedling  nurseries. 

These  may  be  procured  at  any  time  after  the  wood  ripens  in  the  fall, 
and  before  growth  commences  in  the  spring.  The  nurserymen  who  make 
a  specialty  of  growing  and  shipping  these  seedlings  are  men  who  under- 
stand how  to  do  it,  and  planters  can  usually  depend  upon  them  to  prop- 
erly dig,  handle  and  ship. 


• 


4) 


SHIPPING  BY  FKEIGHT. 


Seedlings  are  classed  as  perishable  property,  and  transportation  com- 
panies require  that  freight  charges  shall  be  prepaid,  or  that  the  sliippcr 
shall    guarantee    their    payment    at    end    of    route.      In  shipping  long  dis- 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


1 


,■> 


• 


tances,  they  are  liable  to  pass  through  tli'  hands  of  ^  .^veral  different  com- 
panies, and  where  the  charges  have  not  been  prepaid,  they  are  sometimes 
stopped  and  held  at  some  place  of  transfer  until  after  they  start  into 
growth,  and  thus  become  a  total  loss,  or  else  are  greatly  damaged.  On 
this  account  it  is  best,  in  ordering  them  sent  by  freight,  to  provide  for 
having  the  charges  prepaid. 


BY  EXPRESS. 


The  express  companies  do  not  require  prepayment  of  charges,  and 
on  small  bills  the  rates  are  often  less  than  by  freight.  On  bills  of  fifty 
pounds  weight  or  more,  the  charges  would  be  more  than  by  ordinary 
freight,  but  as  there  is  seldom  any  delay  on  the  route,  it  is  better  to  pay 
the  extra  expense  and  liave  them  sent  through  by  express. 


BY    MAIL. 


.\1I  small  seedlings  can  be  sent  safely  to  any  part  of  the  country  in 
the  mail,  and  this  is  the  cheapest  way  to  send  small  quantities.  It  is 
often  the  case,  where  the  distance  is  great,  that  ths  expense  on  large  bills 
is  less  than  by  e.xpress.  When  sent  in  this  way,  the  roots  are  carefully 
packed  in  damp  moss,  and  then  wrapped  in  oiled  paper  to  secure  them 
from  drying  out.  'l"he  limit  of  weight  allowed  by  law  to  a  single  package 
is  four  pounds,  but  any  number  of  packages  may  be  sent  to  the  same 
address.  The  present  rate  of  i)ostage  is  sixteen  cents  ])er  pound,  and 
pa(  kages  can  be  sent  by  registered  mail  on  payment  of  a  registry  fee  of 
ten  cents  additional  on  each  package. 

A  table  shotviti;:;  iriu'rai:;^  7L'rii;7i/  of  seciilini:;s  per  i,ooo,  an  packed  ready 
for  s/iippiiig: 


♦ 


Sue 

I!y 

Kxpress  or  Freiglu 

.'nder 

4 

inch 

es, 

5 

[)ounds, 

4  to 

6 

cS 

it 

6  lo 

9 

lO 

fct 

9  to 

12 

20 

'■ 

12     '0 

iS 

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a 

iS   to 

^4 

40 

" 

2     to 

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feet. 

60 

" 

.?   to 

4 

^1. 

'50 

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\\\    Mail. 
2   ]3ounds. 
,1 


3 
10 


.\s  soon  ;is  the  seedlings  arrive,  they  should  be  taken  out  of  the 
package,  or  box,  the  bundles  opened,  and  the  roots  buried  in  'moist  soil, 
in  a  shady  place,  from  which  they  will  be  '.;nioved  as  wanted  for  plant- 
ing, being  careful  not  to  allow  the  roots  tc  i)t  ome  dry  at  any  time  when 
taking  them  from  the  boxes,  or  afterwards  in  transplanting.  The  name 
of  the  variety,  and  the  size  of  the  seedlings,  will  indicate  where  they  should 


lO 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


be  placed  and   their  future  treatment,  which   slioiild  be  the  same  as  pre- 
viously stated  under  the  head  of  growing  trees  from  seed. 


CUTTINGS. 

A  few  varieties  of  forest  trees,  notably  the  jjoplars  and  willows,  are 
very  easily  grown  from  cuttings  of  the  wood,  and  are  commonly  propa- 
gated in  this  way.  The  new  wood  is  used  for  this  purpose,— that  is, 
the  wood  of  the  previous  season's  growth.  It  should  be  cut  in  November 
or  December,  before  any  extreme  cold  weather  occurs,  and  during  mild 
weather,  when  there  is  no  frost  in  the  wood.  Keep  fresh  by  putting  it 
away  in  sand,  in  the  cellar,  and  work  up  into  cuttings  during  stormy 
weather  in  winter.  Tiiey  are  made  by  simi)ly  cutting  the  wood  with  a 
sharp  knife,  into  sections  of  about  eight  inches  in  length  ;  then  i)ack  them 
away  in  sand  or  earth,  in  shallow  bo.xes,  .so  that  the  upper  ends  will  be 
exposed  to  the  air.  Kept  in  this  way  until  spring,  the  callous  forms  on 
the  lower  end,  and  they  will  start  more  quickly  into  growtii  than  if  cut 
in  spring,  just   before   setting  them   in  the  ground. 

In  planting  them  out,  it  is  important  that  the  lower  ends  should  have 
the  earth  packed  tightly  against  them,  and  to  do  this  successfully  it  is 
necessary,  if  planting  them  in  the  nursery,  to  open  a  trench  by  stake  and 
line,  as  recommended  for  seedlings;  or,  if  in  the  forest,  to  throw  out  a 
spadeful  of  earth,  at  each  place  where  the  cuttings  are  to  be  inserted. 
They  should   be   set  deep  enough   so  as  to  cover  up  to  the   terminal   bud. 


DESCKIPTION   OF   VARIETIES. 

This  list  is  not  intended  to  include  all  varieties  native  to  America, 
nor  all  those  of  foreign  introduction,  but  simjily  such  of  the  more  com- 
monly known  sorts  as  are  being  planted  for  timber  and  ornamental  pur- 
poses, and  such  others  as  are  believed  to  be  of  especial  value  for  the  afore- 
said uses.     They  are  all  hardy,  unless  otherwise   noted. 


M 


V 


,<.^ 


J'ORKST  LEAVES. 


IT 


DK(  IDlOrs   A  A  HI  i:  I  IKS. 


I* 


TIIK   MAPLKH. 

The  maples  as. a  class  are  justly  celebrated  for  their  luxuriant  shade, 
their  beauty  and  brilliancy  of  foliage  in  autumn,  and  timber  of  great  value 
for  fuel  and  manufacturing  purposes.  They  are  all  very  easy  to  trans- 
plant, and  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  soils  and  climate.  As  they  start 
very  early  into  leaf  the  transplanting  should  be  attended  to  in  the  fall  or 
early  in  the  spring,  They  will  live  if  moved  after  the  leaves  start,  but 
will  not  make   as  good  a  growth  the  first  season  as  they  otherwise  would. 

.■\sH-i,KAVKU  Mai'I.k,  Ron  Ki.DtCR.  Acfr  ne^umh\  Ne^uiuh  acerouies. 
—  \  native  of  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  reaching  North  to  Minnesota 
and  the  British  possessions.  It  is  a  medium  sized  tree  of  extremely  rapid 
growth,  usually  about  thirty  feet  high  at  maturity,  though  in  some  localities 
it  attains  a  height  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  It  is  common  along  river  bot- 
toms and  other  moist  locations,  but  succeeds  well  in  cultivation  in  dry  soils, 
rooting  deep  and  enduring  severe  drouths.  Its  wood  is  close  and  fine- 
grained, and  is  useful  in  cabinet  work.  It  makes  excellent  fuel.  Its  sap  is 
sweet  and  is  utilized  in  some  sections  for  making  sugar  and  syrup. 

The  seeds  rii)en  in  October,  and  can  be  kept  dry  until  ready  for 
sowing.  Sow  in  fall  or  spring:  any  time  during  the  spring  will  do,  but 
early  sowing  is  best.  Sow  in  the  seedling  nursery  and  transplant  into  the 
forest,  or  sow  in  the  forest. 

Norway  Mai'LK.  Acer  platanoides. —  A  variety  of  foreign  introduc- 
tion. It  is  a  stout,  healthy,  vigorous  grower  and  attains  a  large  size  in 
the  forest.  Its  wood  is  hard,  excellent  for  fuel  and  lumber.  The  seeds 
sold  in  this  country  are  obtained  from  Kuroi)e,  and  by  careful  handling 
can  be  furnished  here  in  early  sjjring  in  good  germinating  condition.  They 
should  i)e  partially  dried,  just  enough  to  prevent  moulding,  then  kept  in 
that  condition  without  exposure  to  heat,  moisture  or  dry  air.  They  should 
be  sown  early  in  spring  while  the  weather  is  cool  and  moist.  Sow  in  seed- 
ling nurserv,  transplant  into  nursery,  and  from  thence  into  the  forest. 

SvcAMoKK  .Mai'IK,  Piam,  Ikki:.  Acer  pseuiio-platanus. — Introduced 
from  p:urope.  In  growth  it  resembles  our  sugar  maple,  and  seems  to  be 
e(iially  at  home  here,  showing  no  signs  of  disease  nor  lack  of  hardiness. 
The  seeds  are  handled  the  same  as  Norway  maple,  and  the  directions  for 
sowing  and  transplanting   are  the   same. 

Sl-uak  Mai'LE,  Harii  Maple.  Acer  ,v(?,r//(?;7//,vw.— This  is  one  of 
our  most  highly   jirized  native  trees.      It  is  common   in  the  forests    of  the 


la 


FOREST  LEA  I  ES. 


Atlantic  coast  from  New  Foiindland  to  the  Carolinas,  and  in  the  interior  as 
tar  west  as  the  Mississippi  river,  and  northward  to  Manitoba,  attaining  its 
greatest  size  and  perlcction  in  the  region  ot  tlie  great  lakes.      In  the  forests 
of  the  (,rand  Traverse  region  in    Michigan  specimens  can  be  seen  which 
measure   twenty  feet  in  circumference    and   over  one    hundred    feet    high 
having  trunks  extending   upward  a  distance  of  seventy  feet  without  a  limb.' 
Ihe  congenial  soil  and  favorable  climatic    inlluences'of  this  region  seem 
to   have   accomplished  a  wonderful  improvement  in  this  variety  by  natural 
selection;  so  much  so  that  seedlings  of  these  giant  trees  sent  out  from  here 
are  noticeably  more  vigorous  and  rapid  in  growth  than  ordinary  sugar  maple 
seedlings,  and  are  in  many  cases  believed  by  nurserymen  and  planters  to  be 
ot  some  new  variety. 

The  wood  of  the  sugar  maple  is  hard  and  compact,  and  is  noted 
for  Its  beauty  and  durability  when  used  for  furniture  and  ornamental 
fin.shmg  work.  The  lumber  is  extensively  used  in  building  and  manu- 
tactunng,  and  always  commands  a  high  price  in  the  market.  It  is  the 
great  sugar  tree  of  America,  and  its  yearly  product  of  sugar  and  syrup 
amounts  to  over  ten  million  dollars  in  value.  The  following,  in  referen.  e 
to  It,  IS  taken  from  Wood's  Class  Book  of  iJotany: 

"The  branches  become  numerous  and  finely  ramified  in  open  situa- 
tions and  in  summer  are  clothed  with  a  foliage  of  uncommon  luxuriance 
and  beauty,  on  which  account  it  is  more  extensively  cultivated  as  a  shade 
tree  than  any  other,  not  even  excepting  the  majestic  and  favorite  elm. 
Maple  sugar,  perhaps  the  most  delicious  of  all  sweets,  is  mostly  the  pro- 
duct of  this  species.  An  ordinary  tree  will  yield  from  five  to  ten  pounds 
in  a  season.  The  wood  is  very  strong  and  compact,  and  makes  the  best 
of  fuel.  It  IS  sometimes  curled  like  the  red  maple,  but  oftener  presents 
ha  beautiful  arrangement  of  fiber  called  bird's-eye  maple,  which  is  so 
highly  esteemed  in  cabinet  work.  The  flowers  are  exceedingly  abundant 
and,  suspended  on  long,  thread-like  pedicils.  are  most  delicately  beautiful.'' 

The  seeds  ripen  in  September,  and  can  b.  kept  fresh  bv  simply 
spreading  them  in  a  thin  layer  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  until  ready 
for  sowing,  if  sown  in  the  fall.  If  to  be  kept  until  spring,  they  should  be 
taken  up  before  cold  weather  sets  in,  and  dried  a  little  to  remove  the 
outside  moisture,  then  put  away  in  a  cool  cellar,  in  boxes  or  barrels. 
n  they  commence  sprouting  before  the  ground  can  be  got  ready  in  the 
spring,  they  should  be  spread  out  and  dried  a  little.  .<ow  as  earlv  in  the 
spring  as  possible.  Sow  in  the  seedling  nursery,  transplant  into  the  nt,r- 
sery.  and   from  thence  into  the    forest. 

SU.VER-LEAK  MAn,K,  Soft  MAnt:,  Whitk  Ma.m.k.  .Iot  ,/as,v,ar/>um. 
-One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  maples.  It  has  been  ,,uite  a  favorite  for 
prairie  planting  in  some  parts  of  the  west,  owing  to  its  rapid  growth  at 
the  start,  and  the  ease  with  which  the  seeds  can  be  secured.  Its  wood  is 
quite  soft  and  light,  and  the  branches  are  often  broken  down  by  the  action 
of  wind  and  storm.  The  seed  ripens  in  May,  and  cannot  be  kept  over 
until  fall  and   retain   its   vitality;    hence,  it  should  be  sown   as  soon  ..  pos- 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


n 


id 


sibic  after  it  is  taken  from   the   tree;   cover  one   inch  deep.     Sow  in  seed- 
liH},'  nursery,  and  transplant  to  nursery  or  forest. 

kKn  Mai.i.k,  ScAkLKT  Mai'Ik.  Soft  Mai-i.e,   Watkr  Mapi.k        Acer 

C,  T~'"'"'  "■""'  ■'  ''"'"'"°"  '"  ""-'  ^"'■'^''^  "f  t'"^  '^as'.  from  Canada  t.. 
Honda,  and  extends  westward  to  Nebraska.  It  is  a  beautiful  tree  for 
street  planting,  and  its  lumber  is  highly  prized  for  cabinet  work  and  other 
manufacturing  purposes.  Its  scarlet  blossoms  in  the  early  spring  have  a 
rare  beauty,  and  its  gorgeous  autumn  colors  are  unsurpassed  by  any  other 
variety.  In  fact,  nature  produces  nothing  else  at  that  season  of  the  year 
that  will  compare  witli  it  for  magnificence  of  color  and  showy  array 
1  he  seeds  r.pen  in  May,  and  may  be  sown  at  once,  or  dried  and  kept  over 
until  fall  or  spring;  but,  if  not  .sown  as  soon  as  gathered,  they  will  come 
up  unevenly,  many  of  them  lying  dormant  in  the  ground  until  the  next 
spring.  Sow  in  the  seed  bed,  under  shade,  transplant  into  seedling  nur- 
sery, thence  to  nursery,  and  thence  to  forest. 

Striped  Ma.m.k,  \Va  ,  kr  Mapi.e.  Acer  Pcnnsxlvanicum.- \  very 
unique  and  pretty  variety  for  ornamental  purposes;  a  native  of  Michigan 
I  ennsylvania,  and  some  other  eastern  states.  It  is  a  small  tree,  of  very- 
rapid  growth,  but  never  attains  timber  dimension.s,  and  is  useful 'only  for 
ornamental  purposes.  It  makes  a  fine  display  of  flowers  and  se^ds,  com- 
mencing about  the  fifth  year  from  seed.  The  seeds  ripen  in  September 
and  keep  well  in  a  dry  condition.  Sow  in  fall  or  early  spring,  in  the  seed 
bed,  under  shade,  transplant  into  nursery,  and  from  there  to  the  forest  or 
other  permanent  location. 


tin:  II<>|{SK  (IIKwTNrTH. 

Amkkican  Horse  Chestmt,  Huck  Eve.  Aesculu, glabra.- \  x^:i^:^s^ 
of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  some  of  the  other  states  east  of  the 
Mississippi  river:  usually  found  growing  along  the  river  bottoms.  It  is  a 
small  tree,  of  but  little  value,  except  for  ornamental  purposes.  The  seed 
IS  a  round  nut  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  smooth  and  black,  with  a  hard 
shell;  npens  in  October.  Keep  fresh,  and  sow  in  the  spring;  cover  one 
to  two    inches   deep.     Sow  in  nursery,  and  transplant  into  forest. 

KrRoPEAN  HoKSK  t:HESTMT.  Aescidus  hippocas(anum.~\  native  of 
Asia,  but  succeeds  well  here,  and  is  more  desirable  as  an  ornamental  tree 
than  the  American  variety,  as  it  holds  its  foliage  better,  and  is  a  more 
healthy,  vigorous  grower.  Flowers  are  very  showy;  usually  white  Seeds 
like   the   buckeye,  only  larger,  and  require   the  same   treatment. 


AILAXTIll  IS. 


Tree  of   Heaven.      AiUmthus   glandidosa.—X   native   of  China.      It 
has  been  in  cultivation  in  the  United  States  as  an  ornamental  and  timber 


•4 


FOREST  Ij:ArES. 


tree  for  ovt-r  twenty-tive  years,  and  is  a  variety  which  has  some  very  strong 
points  in  its  favor  for  timber  planting'.  It  is  reasonably  hardy,  Init  might  not 
be  al)le  to  endure  the  extreme  cold  of  Minnesota  and  other  states  on  our 
northern  border.  It  will  produce  more  weight  of  timber  in  a  year  than 
any  other  variety,  making  a  stout,  lieavy  growtii  uf  about  four  feet  the 
first  year  from  seed,  and  at  two  years  old  it  is  often  ten  feet  high  and  two 
inches  in  diameter.  The  small  seedlings  offered  by  nurserymen  are  i^ot 
by  sowing  very  closely,  thus  keeping  them  small  the  first  season.  It  ;Utains 
large  dimensions  in  the  forest,  and  tiie  wood  is  hard,  (ompact  and  dur- 
able, making  excellent  fuel  and  lumber.  It  is  liable  to  thio»v  up  suckers 
from  the  roots,  but  this  does  not  render  it  i)articularly  objectionable  in 
timber  plantations.  The  foliage  has  a  ridi  tr<.i)i<:al  appearance,  the  main 
leafstalks  being  about  three  feet  long.  The  seeds  ripen  in  the  fall,  and  will 
retain  their  vitality  (or  several  years  in  a  dry  condition.  Keep  the  seeds 
dry,  and  sow  at  corn-planting  time ;  cover  one-half  inch.  They  come  up 
(juickly,  and  are  as  easy  to  grow  from  seed  as  corn  or  beans.  Sow  in  seed- 
ling nursery,  and  transplant  into  forest,  or  sow  in  forest.  Transplant  any 
time  during  spring;   even  with  careless  handling  they  are  almost  sure  to  live- 


Kl'HOI'K.VX  AI.DKK. 

AInus gltttiiwsa. — A  native  of  the  continent  of  Kurope,  and  for  several 
centuries  past  it  has  been  in  cultivation  in  England,  where  it  has  attained  a 
high  state  of  perfection  and  is  held  in  great  esteem  by  land  owners. 
Specimens  are  there  growing  which  are  eighty  feet  high  and  over  three 
feet  in  diameter.  Since  its  iniroduction  into  the  Lnited  States  it  has  grown 
rapidly  in  favor,  on  account  of  its  rai)idity  of  growth,  its  general  thrifUness, 
and  the  beauty  of  its  form  and  foliage.  Its  wood  is  soft  and  is  valuable  for 
cabinet  and  furniture  work,  and  for  stave  timbi^.  The  charcoal  is  used  in 
making  gunpowder,  and  the  bark  for  tanning.  The  seeds  ripen  in  Septem- 
ber, and  can  be  kept  dry  for  several  years.  Sow  in  fall  or  spring.  Sow  in 
the  seed  bed,  under  shade,  transplant  into  the  nursery,  and  from  there  into 
the  forest.     Very  easy  to  transplant. 


r.vw  PAW. 


Asimina  triloba.— K  small  tree,  common  from  Pennsylvania  south  to 
Florida,  west  to  the  Mississippi  river,  and  northward  to  Michigan.  It 
is  too  small  to  be  of  any  value  for  timber  but  makes  a  fine  ornamental 
tree,  and  is  also  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  which  resembles  the  Banana  in  form 
and  color,  and,  when  fully  ripe,  is  very  delicious.  They  ripen  in  October, 
and  the  seeds  should  be  sown  then,  or  kept  fresh  and  sown  in  the  spring. 
They  come  up  slowly,  along  during  the  summer,  making  three  or  four 
inches  growth  the  first  season  and  about  six  inches  the  next,  after  which  they 
grow  (piite  rapidly.  Sow  in  the  seed  bed,  transplant  into  the  seedling  nurs- 
ery, from  there  to  the  nursery,  and  thence  to  the  forest  or  other  permanent 
location. 


:  very  strong 
lit  might  not 
tales  on  our 
a  year  than 
)ur  feet  the 
ligh  and  two 
nen  are  got 
It  ;;ttains 
rt  and  diir- 
'  up  suckers 
ctionable  in 
'e,  the  main 
fall,  and  will 
ep  the  seeds 
ey  come  up 
iow  in  seed- 
nsplant  any 
sure  to  live- 


j-oakst  leaves. 
hi:ki<i:i{|{v. 


'5 


Barhkrrv.  /)V/A//.,  Canadensis.— \  native  shri.I)  of  great  value  for 
defensive  hedges  and  also  for  its  fruit,  hs  points  of  excellenc  e  as  a  hedge 
plant  are  as  follows:  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  thrifty  and  free  from  disease 
enduring  our  severest  winters  without  injury.  It  is  a  shrul.,  and  docs  not' 
have  to  be  cut  back  every  year  or  two  to  prevent  it  from  growing  into  a  tree 
Its  thorns  are  abundant  and  sharp.  It  stools  out  at  the  crown,  forming 
an  impenetrable  wall,  but  never  suckers  from  the  roots. 

Its  appearance  is  ornamental,  the  blossoms  being  quite  showy  in  sum- 
mer, and  its  luxuriant  display  of  fruit  during  the  fall  and  winter  forms  ai> 
attractive  feature  of  the  landscape,  and  is  of  recognized  value  in  the  markets, 
I  he  seeds  are  ripe  in  October,  and  can  be  sown  then  or  kept  fresh  in  the 
berry  until  spring.  In  eiiher  case  it  is  best  to  remove  them  from  the  berrv 
before  sowing.  .Sow  in  the  seed  bed.  under  shade.  Transplant  into  seed- 
ling nursery  and  from  there  into  the  hedge  row.  setting  them  about  one  foot 
apart.  Cultivate  a  strip  a  few  feet  each  side  of  the  row,  for  two  or  three 
years,  until  they  become  thoroughly  established,  and  after  that  they  will 
require  no  further  attention. 


1  for  several 
s  attained  a 
nd    owners. 

over  three 
t  has  grown 
1  thriftiness, 
valuable  for 
I  is  used  in 

in  .Septem- 
ig.  Sow  in 
n  there  into 


a  south  to 
chigan.  It 
ornamental 
ma  in  form 
n  October, 
the  spring, 
ree  or  four 
which  they 
dling  nurs^ 
l^ermanent 


tin:  iui{<'iik.s. 

These  are  all  noted  for  their  graceful  form  and  foliage.  The  seeds- 
ripen  in  September,  are  very  small,  are  dry  when  ripe,  and  will  keep  in  that 
condition  a  year  or  more  without  losing  their  vitality.  They  are  diffi(  ult  to 
grow  from  seed  unless  great  care  is  used  and  the  following  directions  strictly 
adhered  to  :  Sow  in  the  seed  bed  under  shade  in  the  spring,  cover  very 
lightly,  sprinkling  just  enough  fine  earth  over  them  to  hide  them  from  view 
Water  the  ground  where  they  are  sown  with  a  fine  sprinkler  to  keep  it  moist 
until  the  voung  plants  begin  to  show,  and  occasionally  after  this  if  the  ground 
becomes  very  dry.  The  growth  is  feeble  the  first  year  but  very  rapid 
after  that,  being  often  as  much  as  three  or  four  feet  the  second  year.  '  Trans- 
plant from  seed  bed  to  nursery,  and  from  there  to  the  forest.  Kasy  to  trans- 
plant. 

EUROPK.VN  WmiK  HiRCH.  H.tula  all>a.—\  native  of  Europe.  Noted 
for  its  beautiful  appearance  as  an  ornamental  tree.  The  bark  is  smooth 
and  of  a  snowy  whiteness,  and  the  branches  and  foliage  are  very  grace- 
ful and  pretty.  Its  wood  is  quite  hard  and  is  used  for  pegs  and  lasts 
and  a  variety  of  other  purposes,  but  is  not  durable  when  exposed  to  the 
weather. 


A.MERicAN  Whitk  IJirch.  i'/^////</ A//m7<vw.— This  tree,  ou  account  of 
Its  rare  grace  and  loveliness,  has  very  justly  been  named  "The  Lady  of  the 
Woods."  Wherever  seen,  eiiher  in  its  native  state  or  under  cultivation,  it  is 
an  object  of  general  admiration.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  snowy  white,  and 
is  mu(  h  used  for  making  canoes  and  also  for  baskets  and  various  ornamental 
work.     The   wood  is  hard,  and  of  much   value  for  manufacturing  purposes, 


t(> 


J- ON  AS/-  i./':ai  hs. 


\n\\  (ic.a\>  .|iii(kly  ulwn  i-xposed  to  tlie  a<  tioii  of  the  weather.  It  jh  loin- 
inon  in  tl>c  forests  of  the  New  Knulaiul  states  and  Canada,  and  in  the  region 
of  the  yrcat  lakes,  extending  northward  to  Hudson's  Hay. 

\kii(.w  niK(  II.  //<•////,/ ////Ar— A  native  of  norllieasiern  and  northern 
I'nited  States  and  Canada.  It  attains  a  large  si/e  in  the  forest ;  some  of  the 
largest  specimens  being  three  feet  in  diameter.  Its  wood  is  hard,  and  of  a 
l)eaiitiful  reddish  cast,  hoing  more  highly  esteemed  for  cabinet  work  than 
cherry.  It  is  called  yellow  birch  from  the  beantifnl  yellowish  (  olor  of  the 
bark,  which  is  also  very  smooth  and  ornamental.  Its  ra|)id  growth,  and 
the  great  value  of  its  wood  for  fuel  and  maniifa(  turing  purposes,  together 
«ith  its  extreme  hardiness,  should  make  it  a  general  favorite  with  forest 
planters. 


KCHOPK.VN    MOIJMnvVM. 

Caifinus  hetiilus.—\  native  of  Kurope,  wliere  it  is  much  used  for  screens 
and  hedges.  It  is  a  small  tree  of  slow  growtii.  .\s  a  hedge  plant  it  bears 
pruning  well,  and  makes  a  very  compact  hedge.  The  roots  run  deep  and  do 
not  sucker  or  sprout.  It  is  hardy  and  healtiiy,  being  a  success  in  nearly  all 
soils  and  locations.  Seeds  ripen  in  the  fall,  and  do  not  (  ome  up  until  the 
second  year  from  sowing.  Sow  either  in  fall  or  spring.  Thcv  can  be  kept 
through  the  winter  in  a  dry  .  ondition.  Sow  in  the  seed  bed  under  shade, 
transplant  into  seedling  nursery,  and  from  there  to  the  hedge  row  or  oth- 
er permanent  location. 


SIIKLL  ICMJK  IIICKOin  . 

Cana  allni.~\   native  of  the  northern    states,  extending    westward  to 
Nebraska,  and  south  to  Tennessee.      It  attains  a  si/e  of  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  about  one  hundred  feet  high.     Its  wood  is  noted  for  its  hardness, 
strength  and  elasticity,  and  is  very  extensively  emploved  in  the  manufacture' 
of    wagons,  carriages,  etc.,   and   also  for  ax   helves  and   ox    bows        It     is 
better  than  hard  maple  for  fuel,  and  always  commands  the  highest  market 
price.     The  .seed  is  a  nut  from  three-fourths  ot  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, and   has  a   hard  shell.     It  ripens  in  October,  and   should  be  planted  in 
the  fall  or  packed  away  in  sand  and   wintered   in   the  cellar.      If  .so  treatcl 
they  will  germinate  the  first  season.     They  will  keep  drv  and  retain  their  vi- 
tality several  years,  but  when  so  kept  they  lie  dormant  in  the  ground   fr-.m 
one  to  three   years   before    commencing    to  grow.     Cover  one  inch.     The 
growth  for  the  first  two  or   three  years  is  slow,  not  more   than  three  or  forr 
inches  a  year,  but  after  that  they  increase  more  rapidly  in   si/e  and  vigor, 
sending  down  a  strong  t.ap-root  very  deep  into  the  earth,  and  hence,  should 
be  transplanted  to  their  :>ermanent  location   the  first  or  second  year,  for  if 
done  later  they  are  ap,  to  .1,.   o    suffer  severe  injury  from  loss  of  the  main  root 
Plant  in  seedling  nunsei     a  u    .ra-,  iant  into  forest,  or  plant  at  on.  e  in  the 
forest.     'J'lansplaiU  el'!.;,.'  ii    fail  or  spring. 


TJ| 


ATF,  rii 


It    is   CDII)* 

11  the  rcj^ion 


ul  norilicrn 
some  of  the 
rd,  and  of  a 
t  work  than 
olor  of  •he 
^rovvll),  and 
es,  together 
witli   forest 


tor  screens 
nt  it  bears 
-•e|i  and  do 
nearly  all 
])  until  the 
in  be  kept 
der  shade, 
)w  or  oth- 


Jstvvard  to 
in  diam- 
i  liardness, 
in  11  fact  lire 
s.       It     is 
St  market 
in  diame- 
|)lanted  in 
io  treate'! 
n  th 
und   fro  111 
ich.     The 
e  or  four 
md  vigor, 
:e,  should 
ear,  for  if 
nain  root, 
lie  in  the 


cir  VI- 


1   -  dOX    t'JjER 
•;    -  Fu    ASM 


WIICH    HAZ£L 
STRiPEO    MApLt 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 
TIIK   (  ATAJ.PAS. 


»7 


I  he  foi.  vanet.es  described  in  this  list  are  ,,uite  similar  in  foliage  and 

in  the  appearance  of  the  bark  and  wood,  and  also  in  their  time  of  start  "^ 

n to  growth  wh.ch  ,s  ,„itelat.  in  the  spring  and  after  many  other  tresn' 

color  of  I  ,        '  "T  "T""-  "  ^"^  ""'  ""^'"^''^'  ^'^^  -  ^'■-  «f  blossom  ng 
<-o  or  of  blossoms,  length  of  seed  pods,  and  especially  in  point  of  hardiness" 

I  he  seeds  also  vary  much  in  size,  but  have  the  same  genira!  character!    i^ 

m  other  respects,  and   require  the  same  treatment.     'Ly  ripen   In  O    obe" 

and  are  securely  enclosed  in   long  pods  of  a  glossv  brown     olor.  appeari    : 

to  have  been  varn.shed.     These  pods   remain   on   the  trees  all   wmt'  d 

retam  the  seeds  unfl  spring  in  a  dry  condition.     The  seeds  can  be  gathered 

at  any  t.me  during  the  fall  and  w.nter  months,  and  should  be  kep    d     "     H 

they  are  sown.     They  will  keep  several   years  without  losing  their  v  t     ty 

e  proper  t,me  to  sow  these  seeds  is  ,n  the  spring  after  the  ^ound  becc^   Js 

^^.lrm,  say  about  corn-plantmg  t,me.     If  .sown  too  earlv  they  will  rot  in  the 

.round    or  da..p  o,T  soon  after  con.,„g  up.     Cover  not  moL  than  on^h^ 

:::  at::^:;ir;;:e;rr'"^^  ""■•^^^^■'  ^^^"^^'^^  -^^  ""-->•-  ^---• 

Hakov  C:ata,,,.a.    UUa//,a  sp,riosa.-A  native  of  the  Mississi,,pi  ^-alley 
and   us  tr,butar,es  ,n   Illinois,  Ind,ana,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Arka     as   T  n 
nessee,  and  further  south.     Us  growth  in  the  forest  is  upright  and  v  goous" 
and  at  matur.ty  ,s  about  three  feet   in   diameter  and  one   hundred  feet  ta T 
I  he  wood   .s  .pute  soft  and   light,  but  exceedingly  durable,  and  is  of  the 
greatest  value  for  fmber  and  manufacturing  purposes,  and  for  all  uses  where 
great  durab.hty  ,s  required  when  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  weather      I 
•  s  especally  valuable  for  fence  post.s,  telegraph  poles,  bridge  timbers 'ties 
shmgles,  lumoer.  etc.      It  takes  a  tine  polish,  the  grain  presentmg  a  beaiu ifui 
appearance  when  finished  in  oil,  and  there  is  no  tendencv  of  the  lumber  to 
warp  or  sprmg,  hence  it  is  highly  esteemed  for  cabinet  work  and  for  inside 
fin.sh.ng  of  houses,  radway  carriages,  etc.     As  a  varie.v  for  forest  plant  ng 
t  stands  at  the, .eadot  the  list,  being  at  the  present  time  more  ex  ensively 
employed   for  th.s  purpose  than   any  other  tree  in  existence.     One  of  the 
hirgest  Plantations  of  this  variety  is  being  made  by  the  Missouri  River,  Fort 

t':ra.l  f  «?•  ''■  ;'°-;  "^'-^•'-""^'^°"-  '<-^«--  it  was  commenced  in 
all  of  X878.  at  wh.ch  fme  :oo,ooo  were  planted,  3,7,000  more  were 
P  anted  he  next  season,  and  large  quantities  were  also  planted  m  the  fall  of 
188.  and  the  year  .ollown.g.  At  the  present  time  their  plantation  contains 
about  one  md bon  trees  of  this  catalpa  speciosa,  which  are  in  a  flourishing 
condu.on.      I  hough  subjected  to  a  very  severe  drouth  in  :88,  which  ruin  d 

ois:::r^'  ' '''''"' "°  ^'^"^  "^  ■"^^•^^-  "•"  --^^'^  '^  -«"^  --•  vig. 

It  would  be  well  here  to  note  some  of  the  characteristics  of  this  tree, 
wh.ch  account  for  .ts  great  popula.-ity  with  tree  planters. 

I.     It  IS  the  e.Tsif^it  of    'll    trpft;  tn  (rincT-.! -,- 1     .!  L    • 

,  ^     ,  .         '--^  ^-'  ""  !'<^''  to  transplant,  there  being  scarcely  one  in 

a  thousand  wd..ch  fa.ls  to  g.-ow,  even  after  being  shipped  across  the  continent 
and  subjected  to  great  exposure  and  careless  handling. 


I 


1 8  FOREST  LEA  FES. 

2.  Its  freedom  from  disease  and  the  attack  of  insects. 

3.  Its  adaptability  to  all  soils  in  which  any  tree  will  grow,  being  etfiially 
at  home  on  our  moist,  rich  bottom  lands  and  dry  sandy  plains. 

4.  Its  hardiness.  The  ([uestion  of  hardiness  is  frequently  raised  in 
regard  to  it  from  the  fact  that  the  catalpa  bignonioides  resembles  it  ([uite 
closely,  and  is  not  hardy  enough  to  withstand  the  severity  of  our  northern 
winters,  being  of  about  the  same  degree  of  hardiness  as  the  peach,  while  the 
catalpa  speciosa  is  a  hardy  tree,  having  repeatedly  stood  the  test  of  thirty- 
five  degrees  below  zero  without  injury.  Until  quite  recently,  it  has  not 
been  generally  known  that  there  were  two  distinct  varieties  of  catalpa,  native 
to  the  United  States.  To  illustrate  the  lack  of  knowledge  which  has  pre- 
vailed among  scientists  on  this  catalpa  question,  the  attention  of  the  reader 
is  asked  to  the  following  extracts  from  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
.Agriculture  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  1875.     See  pages  151  and  167. 

"By  an  act  of  the  last  Congress  an  appropriation  was  made  to  enable 
the  different  departments  of  the  (iovernment  to  participate  in  the  Centen- 
nial Exposition  of  1S76.  In  ])ursuance  of  this  object,  the  Botanist  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  undertook  to  make  a  collection  to  represent  the 
trees  of  the  United  States.  The  aim  was  to  represent  every  important  tree 
by  botanical  specimens.  *  *  *  Weij  knowing  tli  it  the  chief  value  of 
such  a  collection  would  depend  upon  its  scientific  acciinu\\  arrangements 
were  made  to  engage  competent  persons  in  the  different  fields  of  labor.     *     * 

"  \o.  194.    Catalpa  bignonioides.    Walt. 

"Catalpa— Southern  States.  A  tree  well  known  in  cultivation,  and 
hardy  as  far  north  as  latitude  41  degrees.  It  is  a  native  in  the  soutliern 
and  southwestern  states,  and  in  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana.  It  attains 
a  height  of  50  or  60  feet,  and  a  diameter  of  lA  to  2  feet.  The  leaves  are 
large  and  the  tlowers  showy,  and  when  .'.i  bloom  the  tree  is  extremely  orna- 
mental. The  wood  is  light,  but  of  a  fine  texture,  and  capable  of  receiving 
a  fine  polish.     It  is  said  to  be  very  durable." 

Now  the  facts  are  that  the  catalpa  !)ignonioides  is  a  native  of  the  south- 
ern states,  being  common  in  (leorgia,  and  other  locations  near  the  southern 
.Atlantic  coast,  but  that  not  a  single  tree  of  this  variety  has  ever  been  found 
growing  native  in  the  Mississippi  valley  and  its  tributaries  north  of  the  Gulf 
region,  and  that  the  native  catalpas  of  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  referred 
to  in  the  above  quotation,  are  of  the  hardy  speciosa  variety. 

Prof  J.  C.  Teas,  of  Carthage,  .Mo.,  an  experienced  horticulturist,  aiul 
one  who  has  given  this  nuitter  a  careful  and  thorough  investigation,  says: 

"  Of  the  two  kinds  of  this  tree  which  are  natives  of  North  .America, 
the  species  common  in  cultivation  is  called  by  botanists  catalpa  bignonioides, 
and  is  well  known  as  a  native  of  the  southeast  coast  of  the  United  States, 
abounding  in  Georgia  and  adjoining  states.  It  was  discovered  by  the  early 
explorers,  pretty  soon  after  the  first  European  settlements,  and,  according  to 
Loudon,  was  introduced  into  England  in  1726,  and,  we  presume,  into  culti- 


i 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


19 


ow,  being  e((iially 
liiis. 

quently  raised  in 
esembles  it  (iiiite 
y  of  our  northern 
e  peach,  while  the 
the  test  of  thirty- 
cently,  it  has  not 

of  catalpa,  native 
je  which  has  pre- 
:ion  of  the  reader 

Commissioner  of 
ages  151  and  167. 

s  made  to  enable 
to  in  the  Centen- 
e  Botanist  of  the 
to  represent  the 
ry  important  tree 
:he  cliief  value  of 
ie\\  arrangements 
ds  of  labor.     *     * 

cultivation,  and 
!  in  the  southern 
iiana.  It  attains 
The  leaves  are 
>  extremely  orna- 
)able  of  receivinii 


tive  of  the  south- 
near  the  southern 
i  ever  been  found 
north  of  the  (iulf 

Indiana,  referred 

orticulturist,  aiul 
tigation,  says : 

North  America, 
Ipa  bignonioides, 
le  L'nited  States, 
ered  by  the  early 
md,  according  to 
^sume,  into  culti- 


vation in  the  colonies  north  of  its  original  home,  not  far  from  the  same  time. 
Grown  in  eastern  nurseries,  and  sold  as  an  ornamental  tree,  it  soon  worked 
Its  way  west.  It  produces  seed  so  freely,  and  is  so  easily  grown,  and  withal 
so  handsome  in  bloom,  that  it  is  no  wonder  it  kept  pace  with  the  ever- 
advancing  « westward  bound  '  wave  of  civilization.  It  is  indeed  most  unfor- 
tunate that  this  tree  from  Georgia  and  Florida  should  have  occupied  the 
attention  of  planters,  and  spread  over  America  and  Europe,  while  the  infin- 
itely superior  kind,  growing  in  the  forests  of  the  great  Valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, has  been  so  strangely  overlooked  and  neglected. 

"The  first  published  account  of  this  new  catalpa,  as  it  was  then  called 
appeared  in  the  Western  Horticultural  Review,  Vol.  iii.,  No.  .xi.,  August' 
1853.  It  was  afterwards  named  '  Speciosa,'  by  Dr.  Warder  and  myself,  and 
that  name  was  first  published  in  my  nursery  catalogue  at  Raysville  Ind. 
about  the  year  185O.  We  were  not  then  certain  whether  it  was  a  separate 
species  or  merely  a  strongly  marked  variety  of  catalpa  bignonioides  We 
are  glad  to  learn  that  it  has  recently  been  ranked  as  a  distinct  botanical 
species,  and  described  under  the  name  'Speciosa'  by  Dr.  Englemann  It 
has  also  been  called  '  Hardy '  by  Suel  I'oster,  and  others  in  Jowa  It  has 
proved  quite  hardy  in  the  severe  winters  of  northern  Illinois,  Iowa  and 
Nebraska,  and  has  grown  and  bloomed  even  in  Minnesota,  while  the  com 
nion  or  (leorgia  kind  has  been  killed  down  in  cold  winters,  even  south  of 
the  latitude  of  Indianapolis  (40  degrees). 

"This  .superior  hardiness  is  a  matter  of  immense  importance,  especially 
to  the  great  norchwest,  where  the  winters  are  very  cold,  and  the  natural 
supply  of  timber  ,s  meagre  and  altogether  inadequate.  The  tine  upright  and 
very  rapid  growth  of  the  speciosa,  seems  as  if  determined  to  make  tal3 
straight  trees,  while  the  common  or  Georgia  kind  usually  grows  low  and 
sijrawling,  with  short  and  often  crooked  trunks.  So  that  even  where  the 
winters  are  mild,  and  hardiness  no  object,  the  superior  habit  of  growth  of 
the  .speciosa  is  a  matter  of  the  utmost  importance  in  its  favor. 

"  I  found  the  catalpa  speciosa  more  or  less  abundant,  wild,  m  the  forests 
along  the  lower  Wabash    river  and   its   various   tributaries   in    Indiana  and 
Illinois    the   lower  Ohio,  the  Mississippi   in  Kentucky,    Tennessee,  Missouri 
and  Arkansas,  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  along  the   Black,  St.  Francis  and 
<.ttle  rivers,  and   in  smaller  numbers  along  the  Arkansas  and   Red  rivers. 
iTom  a  careful  examination  and  study  of  the  catalpa   in  the   territory  <.one 
over,  It  seems  clear  that   all  the  native  trees  in  these  forests  are  of  the  earlr 
blooming   hardy    '  speciosa  '  catalpa.       This  is  its  native  home.     And  not  a 
single  wild  tree  of    'common  catalpa'  was  seen  or  heard  of,  though  I  found 
plenty  that  had  been  planted  or  grown  from  scattered  seed  of  planted  tree= 
It  affords   me  not  a  little  satisfaction  to  kn.nv  that  since  my  investigation^^ 
were  made,  a  considerable  portion  of  the  same  ground  has  been  gone  over  by 
my  friends.  Dr.  John  A,  Warder  of  Ohio  and  Robert  Douglas  of  Illinois  both 
emment  tree  men,  the  one   President  of  our  American  Forestry  Associiuion, 
and  the  other  an  extensive  nurseryman,  of  ble-long  experience,  both  looking 
up  the  same  subject,  and  eac!,  separately  arnv.ng  at  the  same  conclusions." 

The  seeds  of  the  catalpa  speciosa  are  a  little  larger  and  noticeably  wider 
than    the    catalpa    bignonioides,  and   there   is   a  marked  difference    in    the 


I    I 


20 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


time  of  blossoming,  the  speciosa  being   about   two   \veei<s  earlier  than   the 
other. 

5.  Its  remarkable  durability  in  exposed  situations.  General  Harrison, 
in  an  address  at  an  agricultural  fair  near  Cincinnati  over  fifty  years  ago,  told 
of  a  catalpa  foot-log  over  a  small  stream  in  the  Wabash  country  which  had 
been  in  use  for  one  hundred  years  and  was  still  sound,  showing  no  signs  of 
decay.  There  are  many  well  authenticated  reports  of  catalpa  fence  posts 
which  have  been  set  fifty  years  or  more  and  still  show  no  signs  of  decay.  It 
is  generally  believed  by  those  who  have  had  a  life-long  experience  with  it 
that  it  will  outlast  .-my  other  timber  in  use,  not  even  excepting  red  cedar. 

Prof.  Teas  gives  the  following  account  oi  the  old  dead  catal|)as  near 
New  Madrid,  which  is  in  confirmation  of  their  great  durability: 

"Such  marvellous  statements  have  been  made  in  regard  to  these  old 
trees  that  I  determined  to  visit  them  and  see  for  myself.  I  found  a  vast 
tract  of  country  known  as  'The  Sunken  Lands,'  varying  in  width  from  eight 
to  twenty  miles  and  extending  a  long  distance  north  and  south  nearly  paral- 
lel with  the  Mississippi  river,  and  a  few  miles  west  of  it,  in  southeast  Missouri 
and  northeast  Arkansas.  The  area  of  this  great  swamp  and  lake  is  put  down 
in  I.ipplncott's  Gazetteer  at  ,5,000  scjuare  miles,  nearly  20,000,000  acres.  It 
was  originally  part  of  an  immense  forest  on  nearly  level  rich  bottom  land, 
probablv  subject  lo  overflow  in  time  of  very  high  water  in  the  Mississippi, 
and  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  oaks,  cypress,  sweet  and  black  gum, 
c:\talpa,  hickory,  ash,  elm,  cottonwood,  sycamore,  sassafras,  honey  locust, 
maple,  pecan,  etc.,  etc.,  with  innumerable  undergrowth  and  clambering  vines. 
It  had  never  been  molested  by  the  hand  of  civilized  man,  when  the  terrible 
convulsions  of  the  winter  of  iSii  and  1812  shook  the  very  foundations  of  the 
earth,  and  sunk  this  great  tract  a  few  feet  below  the  level  of  the  surrounding 
forests,  enough  to  cause  it  to  become  overflowed  from  ten  feet  deep  in 
places  to  mere  swampiness  at  the  edges.  The  trees  on  this  overflowed  land 
were  all  killed  by  the  water  on  their  roots  or  other  causes  not  understood. 
The  other  trees  decayed  in  course  of  time,  as  is  their  nature,  and  there  is 
now  nothing  to  show  that  they  i\tv  existed,  except  a  inw  stumps  and  logs 
preserved  by  having  been  under  the  water.  The  catalpas  in  like  manner 
died,  but  did  not  decay,  for  that  is  not  their  nature,  and  they  stand  there 
yet,  firm  and  erect  as  on  the  great  earthquake  day,  though  dead  for  two- 
thirds  of  a  century.  In  that  sixty-seven  years  there  have  been  many  severe 
storms,  and  as  all  the  other  trees  are  long  since  gone  and  the  old  catalpas 
left  standing  alone  and  unprotected,  it  is  not  strange  that  their  tops  should 
have  been  blown  off,  leaving  only  the  trunks  or  stumps.  The  tallest  one  of 
the  old  trunks  I  saw,  measured  eighty  feet  high  to  where  its  top  was  broken 
off.  They  are  of  every  length  from  that  down  to  three  feet  or  less  above 
the  water.  In  diameter  they  are  mostly  one  to  two  feet,  though  some  are 
considerably  larger,  and  some  mere  poles  of  six  or  eight  inches.  Many  of 
the  best  of  these  old  trees  have  been  cut  and  used  for  posts,  etc.,  and  the 
hunters  and  fishermen  use  them  for  fuel.  There  are  thousands  and  thou- 
sands of  them  still  standing  alone  in  that  dreary  waste,  bleached  and 
battered  by  the  storms,  their  tops  worn  to  a  ragged  feather-edge,  pecked  in 


I 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


21 


;eks  earlier  than   the 


.  General  Harrison. 
!r  lifty  years  ago,  told 
ih  country  which  had 
I,  showing  no  signs  of 
f  cataljja  fence  posts 
lo  signs  of  decay.  It 
ng  experience  with  it 
cepting  red  cedar. 
1  dead  catal|)as  near 
jrability: 

1  regard  to  these  old 
self.  I  found  a  vast 
g  in  width  from  eight 
d  south  nearly  paral- 
in  southeast  Missouri 
and  lake  is  put  down 
20,000,000  acres.  It 
vel  rich  bottom  land, 
er  in  the  Mississippi, 
'eet  and  black  gum, 
isafras,  honey  locust, 
md  clambering  vines, 
lan,  when  the  terrible 
;ry  foundations  of  the 
el  of  the  surrounding 
3m  ten  feet  deep  in 
this  overflowed  land 
ises  not  understood, 
nature,  and  there  is 
few  stumps  and  logs 
ilpas  in  like  manner 
and  they  stand  there 
lough  dead  for  two- 
Lve  been  many  severe 
;  and  the  old  catalpas 
:hat  their  tops  should 
The  tallest  one  of 
jre  its  top  was  broken 
le  feet  or  less  above 
set,  though  some  are 
;ht  inches.  Many  of 
ir  posts,  etc.,  and  the 
thousands  and  thou- 
waste,  bleached  and 
ither-edge,  pecked  in 


I 


I 


holes  by  the  birds,  and  every  crack,  w:indshake  and  knot  hole  enlarged  by 
the  unsparmg  hand  of  time.  Many  of  them  are  hollow  in  the  upper  part, 
where  s(iuirrels  and  birds  build  their  nests  and  rear  their  young  with  little 
fear  of  molestation.  Often  as  we  glided  among  them  in  the  trapper's 
canoe,  we  could  see  clear  through  where  the  cracks  and  holes  were  on  oppo- 
site sides.  Mut  the  wood  that  is  left  is  as  sound  as  ever,  though  that  towards 
the  tops  may  be  not  quite  so  tough,  yet  would  work  well  into  anything  it  is 
large  enough  to  make,  and  I  believe  bear  as  fine  a  polish  as  new  wood.  The 
lower  part  is  very  tough  and  strong,  apparently  just  as  good  as  ever,  and  is 
much  used  for  posts.  It  seems  remarkable  that  the  old  catalpas  killed  on 
dry  land,  have  long  since  fallen  and  lie  sound  on  or  in  the  ground  (many  of 
them  halt  buried  in  the  mud),  while  those  around  which  the  water  came,  are 
still  standing,  silent  yet  elocpient  witnesses  of  the  wonderful  endurance  of 
the  catalpa  wood." 

6.  Its  rapidity  of  growth.  Tnder  ordinary  circumstances  its  annual 
growth  is  neaily  an  inch  in  diameter  and  tuo  to  three  feet  in  hight.  Some 
of  these  trees  planted  in  Illinois  forty  years  ago  have  averaged  an  inch  in 
diameter  a  year  for  the  whole  time  and  are  still  growing  vigorouslv. 

CoM.MoN  Cat.ai.i'.a.  Ca/„I/'a  ln\i;uo,iioi./,'s.—^o  much  has  alreadv  been 
said  about  this  variety  in  comparison  with  the  preceding  that  it  is  onlv 
necessary  to  add  that  it  is  a  small  tree,  not  usually  aitaining  a  sufficient 
si/e  for  timber,  and  that  it  seeds  more  abundantiv  than  the  speciosa 
variety. 

.Iapank.sk  Catai.pa.  C,ihi//>a  AVvw/y^v/.— This  varietv  has  veliow 
llowers  and  is  very  desirable  as  an  ornamental  tree.  My  experience  with  it 
IS  limif-d,  and  I  am  not  prepared  to  say  what  its  value  is  as  a  timbe  tree, 
l)nt  so  far  it  appears  to  be  hardy  and  a  rapid  grower.  The  seeds  are  very 
small  but  grow  as  readily  as  any  of  the  other  catalpas. 

Tkas'  Hvisuii,  Catai.ka.  Originated  by  John  C.  Teas,  of  Carthage. 
Mo.,  from  seed  of  the  catalpa  Koeinpferi,  hybridized  with  catalpa  speciosa. 
The  following  statements  in  reference  to  it  are  his,  as  given  in  a  paper  read 
at  the  joint  meeting  of  the  Missouri  and  Kansas  Stale  Horticul 
at  Kansas  City,  .Mo..  December  i6th.  1880: 


"Th 


Itural  Societies 


lie  cliaractcristics  of  the  new  variety  are  very  marked  and  partake 
largely  of  those  of  hoih  its  parents.  In  its  vigorous  upright  growth,  it  even 
surpasses  ihem  both.  Its  foliage  is  large  and  lu.Nuriant  and  ofien  though  not 
■ilways  lobed,  something  like  a  tulip  poi)lar  leaf— in  which  we  plainly  .see  the 
Japan  influence  in  its  parentage,  while  the  American  is  unmistakablv  shown 
in  the  profusion  of  its  large  and  handsome  white  flowers.  '!"h,'  seed  pods  and 
seeds  are  very  distinct,  and  are  intermediate  between  those  of  the  speciosa, 
which  are  the  largest  of  all,  and  those  of  the  yellow-flowering  [apan  species, 
which  are  the  smallest.      It   is   the  most  profuse  bloomer  of  all  the  catalpas, 


A 


32 


FOl^RST  LEAVES. 


i      : 

%     ' 


being  literally  loaded  with  tlowers  and  remaining  in  bloom  for  several 
weeks— a  much  longer  period  than  the  others.  The  individual  (lowers  are 
the  size  of  those  of  the  common,  not  so  large  as  tlie  speciosa,  but  this  is  more 
than  made  up  by  their  greater  abundance.  They  are  white,  with  small  purple 
dots  and  a  touch  of  yellow  around  tiie  throat,  which  last  is  a  mark  from  the 
Japan  side.  The  llowcrs  are  borne  in  clusters  of  e.xtraordinary  si/e,  some- 
times numbering  as  high  as  three  and  even  four  hundred  buds  and  blooms  in 
one  great  panicle.  They  do  not  all  open  at  once,  but  keep  up  a  succession 
of  bloom  for  a  long  time.  The  flow.rs  have  a  very  jileasant  and  delicate 
fragrance,  and  a  tree  in  bloom  not  only  presents  a  magnificent  spectacle  to 
the  eye,  but  also  fills  the  air  for  (piite  a  distance  with  its  agreeable 
odor. 

"The   past  si)rii.g  (iS.So)  I   sent    Prof.  (leo.  llusmann,  at  the   Mi.ssouri 
State   Tniversity,  one  thousand  very  small  trecN  culls  out   of  the   onc-year- 
old's— many  of  them  no  larger  than  small  straws.     They  were  set  in  nursery 
rows  late   in    Afay,  and   though  it    was  a  dry  and    unfavorable  season,  they 
made  a   surjjrising  growth— many  of  them   reaching  a    height  of  six  feet  or 
more,  and  from  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  and  straight  as 
young  ],ombardy  poplars.     1    also   sent  a  dozen    larger   trees  of  the   same, 
which  were  delayed  on  the  way,  and  he  wrote  me  were  as  dry  as  sticks  when 
received,  and    he   thought,  ruined.      However,   he   planted   them,  and  every 
one  not  only  lived,  liut  made  a  good  growth.     Some  years  ago   I  sent  him 
scions  of  this  catalpa,  which  he  grafted  upon  the  common,  and  they  made  a 
wonderful  growth,  some  of  the  leaves  reaching  the  enormous  size  of  eighteen 
inches  across.     Small    trees  planted  in  village  lots  grew  without   cultivation 
in  five  years  to  be  twenty-five  feet   high,  and   twenty-four  inches  in  circum- 
ference at  one  foot  from  the  ground,  and  I  measured  one  shoot  in  the  top  of 
one  of  these  trees  which   had  grown  eight  feet   in  a  single  season.     They 
Ijave  made  double  the  growth  of  other  catalpas  alongside,  under  exactly  the 
same  conditions,  though  the  last  have  made  a  fair  growth.     As  a  timber  tree 
it  must   be  of  the  greatest  value  and  take  a  place  in  the  very  front  rank,  on 
account  of  the  wonderful  rapidity  of  its   growth,  which  equals   that  of  the 
most   hi.xuriant  trees  of  temperate  climates,  while  its   hardiness  has  been 
repeatedly  demonstrated   by  its  standing  uninjured,  with  the  thermometer  at 
more  than  twenty  degrees  below  zero. 


«l 


"The  well  known  character  of  the  catalpa  for  durability,  and  the  close 
resemblance  between  the  wood  of  this  and  that  of  its  parent,  the  speciosa. 
leave  little  room  to  doubt  its  being  similar  to  the  others  in  its  power  to 
resrst  decay.  The  leaves  are  very  large  and  handsome— of  a  pleasant  shade 
of  green,  and  present  quite  a  diversity  of  form  on  the  same  tree,  many  being 
heart-shaped,  and  some  having  lobes  on  one  side,  or  both,  terminating  in 
sharp  points.  We  have  grown  several  thousands  of  these  seedlings,  and  it 
seems  like  being  a  well  established  variety,  though,  of  course,  there  are  slight 
jariations  among  the  seedlings.  While  its  vigor,  hardiness,  freedom  from 
insects,  etc.,  recommend  this  new  tree  so  strongly  for  timber  plantations— 
;he  .same  ((ualities,  added  to  its  stately  habit,  the  magnificence  of  its  bloom, 
its  fragrance,  and  the  beauty  of  its  ample  and  diversely  shaped  foliage,  can- 
aot  fail  to  make  it  popular  as  a  tree  for  shade  and  ornament." 


n  bloom  for  several 
idividual  flowers  are 
osa,  but  this  is  more 
ite,  with  small  purple 
St  is  a  mark  from  the 
ordinary  si/e,  some- 
1  buds  and  blooms  in 
;cei>  up  a  succession 
ileasant  and  delicate 
nificent  spectacle  to 
with    its    agreeable 

mil,  at  the   Missouri 
ut   of  the   onc-year- 
'  were  set  in  nursery 
vorable  season,  they 
leight  of  six  feet  or 
-■ter,  and  straight  as 
■   trees  of  the   same, 
s  dry  as  sticks  when 
id   them,  and  every 
ars  ago   I  sent  him 
n,  and  they  made  a 
lous  size  of  eighteen 
without  cultivation 
r  inches  in  circum- 
shoot  in  the  top  of 
igle  season.     They 
;,  under  exactly  the 
.     As  a  timber  tree 
very  front  rank,  on 
equals   that  of  the 
Tardiness  has  been 
the  thermometer  at 


ility,  and  the  close 
arent,  the  speciosa, 
rs  in  its  power  to 
of  a  pleasant  shade 
le  tree,  many  being 
th,  terminating  in 
5e  seedlings,  and  it 
rse,  there  are  slight 
ness,  freedom  from 
nber  plantations — 
ence  of  its  bloom, 
haped  foliage;  can- 
:nt." 


forest  lea  ves. 
eni;IjJhh  hawthorn. 


33 


White  Thorn.  Crataegus  oxyacantha.—'Vh\ii  tree,  in  its  native  country, 
is  highly  esteemed  for  defensive  hedges,  and  it  is  found  to  succeed  well  here 
in  most  localities  where  it  has  had  a  fair  trial.  The  seeds  are  contained  in 
a  small  ajjple  and  are  enclosed  in  a  hard  shell.  As  usually  handled,  they  do 
not  germinate  until  the  second  season  after  sowing.  The  seeds  are  imported 
from  Flurope  and  do  not  arrive  in  time  for  fall  sowing.  Sow  in  early  spring 
in  the  seedling  nursery  and  transplant  in  the  hedge  row,  or  other  permanent 
:1o<\ition. 

IIACKHKHHY. 

Cfllis  Oi-cidetUalis.—k  native  of  the  United  States,  widely  distributed, 
l)iit  most  common  in  the  south.  It  attains  a  large  si/e  and  the  wood  is  very 
hard.  Its  growth  is  slow  at  the  start  but  quite  rapid  after  the  roots  become 
well  established  in  the  soil.  It  is  at  present  but  little  known  among  tree 
|)lanters,  but  as  it  has  been  found  to  succeed  well  on  the  western  plains,  it 
will  be  ai)t  to  receive  more  attention  in  the  future. 


.TAPAN  QUIXCK. 

Cydonia  Japonica. — A  thorny  shrub,  which  is  used  for  a  defensive  hedge 
and  also  for  ornamental  purposes.  Its  blossoms,  of  a  bright  crimson  color, 
appearing  in  early  spring,  are  very  ])rofuse  and  showy,  and  produce  a  brilliant 
effect  on  the  lawn  or  in  the  hedge  row.  Its  growth  is  rather  slow  for  a  hedge. 
Introduced  from  Japan. 

PETWIMMON. 

Diospyrus  Virginiana. — A  native  of  the  United  States,  extending  from 
the  Atlantic  to  Iowa  and  south  to  the  (lulf  of  Mexico,  being  common  in  the 
southern  states,  where  it  attains  a  hight  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  The  wood 
is  very  hard  and  fine  grained.  It  bears  a  plum-shaped  fruit  which  is  very 
astringent  when  green,  but  edible  when  fully  ripe.  The  seeds  ripen  in  the 
fall  and  may  be  sown  then,  or  layered  in  sand,  and  sown  in  the  spring.  They 
come  up  the  first  season,  making  a  growth  of  about  nine  inches.  Sow  in 
seedling  nursery,  transplant  into  nursery  and  from  there  to  forest. 


THE  BEECHES. 

They  delight  in  a  cool,  moist  climate,  and  do  not  succeed  well  in  a 
climate  subject  to  extremes  of  heat,  cold  or  drouth. 

They  are  noted  for  their  hard  wood,  smooth  bark,  and  clean,  graceful 
foliage. 

The  seed  is  a  small  three-cornered  nut,  with  a  thin  shell,  which  opens 
readily  as  soon  as  the  germ  commences  to  sprout.     They  ripen  in  October, 


"*  i-'O  REST  LEAVES, 

and  rciuirc  ,o  be  kept  fresh   until  time  for  sowing,  whi.h   is  late   in   f.Il   or 
very  ear  V  ,n  the  spring.     Sow   in   the   seed   bed    under   shade.     T     n      a 
mo  seed hng  nursery  and  from  there  to  the  forest.     This  plan  puts  then 
tl.c  (orest  at  small  s.ze.  hut  it  is  necessary,  as  they  are  diiuul    to  transpP 
unless  attended  to  when  small.  iranspiant, 

Amk.k:an    i]K,,,M.     Fa^^us  fnm,inra~X\n,   tree    is  couMnon    in    the 
ores  s  of  our  northern  frontier,  where   it  attains  its   greatest   develo  /  1 

'"-  "K.n  des.gnate  different  spcdmens  as  red  and  vellow,  the  red 
-..K  ed  trees  ,urn,sh,ng  timber  of  great  durabili.v.  and  the  vellow  decavin ' 
MUK:klv  n.  e.xposed  situations.  The  wood  is  hard,  clo.se  grained  an.  h  ■  v"^' 
and    .s  o,    great   value  Ibr  fuel   and  manutaeturing  purposes.     ,ts   go" 

bccon  ..  a  Mout    vigorous  grower.      It  commences  bearing  nuts  at  about  ten 

bi, ::;:  t-  i'  ■" "  '''"""^ "" "-  ^-^^  ^-  ^"^  '--^"-  ^^  p-^'- 

ngl>^       1  he    .seedlings,  as   above   null,  ated.  are   not  verv  easv  to    transphn, 
'»•'  "   P'opcr  care  IS  taken    to  keep   the  roots  moist  in  "handling  ,,n,l  '  'ue  i 
partial  shade  the  first  year,  there  need  be  verv  few  failures. 

l':n<n,.,:AX  1!KK,  ,1.  /■■a,-,s  sy/r.//,;.~\  native  of  Murope,  where  it  is 
c   .onsiveK-    plame      in  lore.ts,  and    is  consider^  an  important     iinbe        e^ 

would,  no  doubt,  prove  a  valuable  addition  to  our  list  of  trees  tor  tor::; 
1  am  n  It  ha.  aheady  become  very  poj.ular  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  is 
noted  lor  its  rich  loliage  and  lu.uiriant  shade.  The  seedlings  ar  ■  ,1" 
compact    ,n    growth    than    the    .American    variety  and   are   eastr  ^  tZ! 


Tin:  ASH. 


The  different 


A..ncan  white  asi:;:^;!;;:;^ 

ei.  who  are  acquainted  with  the  green  ash,  claim  h  to    be  e,  lally  a      Z 
ad    ,    e    latter  vanetv  often  goes    by  , he  name  of  white   ash.    '  Th     Z:^st} 
these  two  varieties    bear  a  very  clo.se   resemblance,  but  the  green  a  h  is  m  .    ' 

':::\^::7^rT''  "--'">•-'"-  -' ''-  -^^  --;  wh.^th::;  • 
:n;;,r::::::;^::^:;;;r;::;;;r""'"-^'^°^ 

I  he  ash  tree,  of  all  varieties  are   noted  for  their   beau.v  and  svuinieti. 
and  are  highly  pn/cd  for  ornamental  purpo.ses.  '  ^^'>'"'^"-^- 

ll.e  seed  of  ash  ripens  ,n  .September  and   ( ..tober,  becomes  drv  on    ,he 
fee  and  can   be  kept   alive   in    this  conditionlor  .several   vears   but  th     1 
results  come  Iron,  seed  kept  as  fresh  as  possible     Thev  can'b     1   v  i 

....ind  and  covered  with  Utter,  or  layered  in  sand  i^a   ^cl^c^    ^  r  m 
fall  o    spring  in  the  seedling  nurserv.  and    transplant    into    the  fores,, 

I  l>e  ash  wood  IS  strong  ,„   alkali,  and   would  probablv  do  well  in  soP. 
impregnated  with  it  ,f  other  conditions  are  favorable.         ' 


PLA'IV.     fV, 


IS  late   ill   ("all   or 


sliadt 


Tr; 


insiilant 


I)lan  puts  them  into 
fficult  to  transplant. 


IS  common    in    the 


atest  clevflc)|)i 


nunt. 


id 


southern  slates. 
id  yellow,  the  red 
he  yellow  decnyinj.^ 
grained  and   heavy. 


ises.      Its 


growth  !>■ 


gains  raj. idly  and 
g  nuts  at  about  ten 
IK-ach,  it  produces 
ates  it  seeds  s|)ar- 
easy  to    transplant. 


indl 


iiig  and    L;ii-e  a 


airope,  wliere  it  is 
irtant  tindier  tree, 
<)(  trees  for  lb  rest 
iicntal  tree,  and  is 
■cdlings  are  more 
c    easier   to   trans- 


-  lor  timber,  the 
•rn  planters,  how- 
'-'  C(pially  as  good, 
h.  The  seeds  of 
green  ash  is  mure. 
ii.  while  the  white 
germinate  freelv 


V  and 


'VnmietiN, 


onies  (ir\-  on    ilu 


ears,  but  the 


lest 


)c  layered  on  tin 


r  I  char.     .Sc 


)w  in 


le  lorest, 


m  soils 


I       •  PAWPAW 

BLACK     LOCU"' 
-    fiEO    £LM. 


4        SU'jAR    MAPu£ 

i   -  AM.    HOHSE   CHEbT^ 


iii 


■i 

i 


1 


FO A' KST  LEAVES. 


«5 


Amkrii  AN  WmiK  Ash.  Fniximis  Amrrinxpta, — A  native  of  the  eastern 
I'r.ited  States,  extending  from  Cianada  to  Florida,  and  west  to  the  Missis- 
sippi river.  Its  growth  is  very  rapid,  often  making  from  six  to  riine  feet  in 
iieight  in  two  years  from  seed.  It  attains  a  large  size  in  the  forest,  some- 
times exceeding  three  feet  in  diameter,  with  li,;ig  tr\ink  and  heaiitifnl  sprend- 
ing  top.  Its  timber  is  of  the  greatest  value,  being  much  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  tools,  implements,  wagons,  etc.,  also  for  floors,  cabinet  work,  and  inside  fmish- 
ing  of  houses,  railway  carriages,  etc.  It  is  excellent  foi  fuel,  being  one  of  the 
few  varieties  which  burn  readily  in  the  stove  without  seasoning.  The  thin- 
nings of  this  variety  as  well  as  of  the  other  ashes  from  the  young  forest,  have 
especial  value  for  hoop  i)oles,  handles,  etc.  It  attains  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  a  cool  climate,  and  a  rich,  fertile  soil,  and  does  not  succeed  very 
well  in  poor  soils. 

In  a  pa|)er  read  at  the  Montreal  Meeting  of  the  American  Forestry 
Congress.  Mr.  Arthur  Mryant,  of  Princeton,  111.,  says  in  speaking  of  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  ash:  "Of  these  the  white  ash  is  undoubtcdiv  the  most 
important  and  valuable.  There  is,  in  fact,  no  other  of  our  native  trees 
which  could  supply  its  place  in  the  manufacture  of  farming  implements,  or 
for  all  purposes  where  lightness,  strength,  and  elasticity  are  recpiired."  He 
also  says  of  the  seed:  •'The  seed  of  the  while  ash  is  round  without  mnr- 
gin,  the  wing  attached  to  the  apex;  in  the  green  ash  the  wing  is  continued 
ns  a  margin  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  seed,  which  is  acute." 

(iREEN  Ash,  Fnixinus  ,-//7;//.v.— Tin.-  general  characteristics  of  this 
variety  are  much  like  the  preceding.  It  differs  in  the  following  points,  vi/.: 
It  is  a  smaller  tree  at  maturity.  It  grows  more  rapidly  at  the  start,  say  for 
two  or  three  years.  Its  seed  germinates  readily  the  first  year  and  is  slightly 
different  in  form,  as  shown  above.  It  is  a  great  favorite  with  western  plan- 
ters, and  is  perhai)s  more  especially  adapted  to  prairie  planting  than  the  other. 
Its  home  is  in  the  west,  where  it  is  very  common  along  the  river  bottoms. 

ItiACK  Ash.  Fiaxiiiii^  sa»i/>iu-i/o/i,i.—A  native  of  the  United  .States, 
being  found  common  in  low,  moist  soils  in  the  forests  of  our  northern  bor- 
der and  in  Canada.  At  maturity  it  is  about  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  one 
hundred  feet  tall.  It  grows  very  rapidly,  requires  a  rich  soil,  but  not  nec- 
essarily a  wet  one.  Its  timber  is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  whit,  ash, 
and  is  also  in  demand  for  split  stuff,  for  barrel  hoops,  and  splints  for  bas- 
kets and  chair  bottoms.  The  seeds  of  black  ash  are  long  and  flat,  and 
winged  all  the  way  round,  being  (piite  distinct  in  appearance  from  the  two 
preceding  varieties. 

F.UKOPKAN  WiiiiK  Ash.  Fra.xiniis  eAcc/sior. — A  variety  of  foreign  intro- 
duction, resembling  in  the  shape  of  the  seed  and  general  appearance  of  the 
tree  our  native  black  ash,  but,  unlike  it,  it  is  especially  adapted  to  a  warm 
climate  and  succeeds  well  in  a  drv  l()<;ation. 


Il<)]Si:V   LOCUST. 

GleditSihia  tnacanlhos. — A   native  tree  common  in  the  southern   states, 
where  it  attains  a  large  size.     It  is  also  more  or  less  common   further  north 


36 


^•'Oh'ESr  LHAl-ES. 


^;;:tr.;:::;!;7 -"f■p■"•-='- 
manent  nbtp      'n,„.  o,  i^icsi,  neage  rov>  or  otiier  per- 
•  nent  piate.      I  l,c>  arc  very  easy  to  transplant. 


KKXTl  (KV  <()|'Fi:|.;  thkk. 

west  as  far  as  Nel.rn.Wn      ,.  ,  L"    .  "^ ''"''  northward  into  Canada,  and 


west  as  far  as  Nebrask-,      t^  •  "oriinvarcl  into  Canada,  and 

si-^ty  feet  tall      1 1  ^  'd  is    er;    r?""  ^'^  ^^ '"""'^'^  '^''^^'^  ^-''  ^^ 
urinfi  nurooses      Tl  ,  '^^^^y-/'"'!  ^ne  gramed  ;  valuable  for  manufact- 

•arg^  rsLts' '  T^:^';:::::;,  ;z  ^V'^^  ,""'^'  ^-^  ^^^  --^'^  - 

water  and  soaked  a  few  hour!  1  ^^'      "  '''°"''^  ^'  ^^■^'•^^^  '"  ''"t 

and  transplants   very  la'ilv      So      '  'r""''  ■  '^  ^"""^  "'^^">'  ^™"^   --^ 
-ansplant'tonurs^mjt  Ihe't^;:'"^  '"   ^'^^  ^^^^""^  "--^^• 


f  ^ 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


J7 


It  is  (  niiimon  in 
•ined  as  a  timber 
d,  close  grained, 
,  and  is  very  use- 
nnietinies  injured 
or  two  the  wood 
rn  winters.     The 
ts  from  the  roots 
ii-y  in  this  (iirec- 
ed  as  a  hedge  to 
iiigs  vary  greatly 
lost  entirely  free 

tlieir  trunks  so 
not  climb  them, 
tie  smaller  than 
)e  gathered  any 
Jn  ready  to  put 
m  remain  in  the 
them  will  come 
slves  (luring  the 
:edling  nursery, 
•w  or  other  per- 


TMK  M  T-|{i:AIMN<i  THKKS. 

I'he  beech  an^l  hii  kory  have  already  been  described,  and  under  this 
head  will  be  treated  the  black  walnut,  butttrnut  and  American  sweet 
chestnut.  'I'he  seed  (/'.  <•.,  the  nuts)  of  these  varieties  re(|uire  similar  treat- 
ment, and  also  to  a  great  extent  the  seedlings,  ['he  seed  siiould  be  kept 
fresh  from  the  time  tiiey  are  taken  from  the  tree  in  October  until  they  are 
])lanted,  which  may  be  either  in  the  fall  or  early  in  the  si)ring  before  the  sprouts 
commence  to  grow.  'I'liey  may  be  pitted  in  the  ground  or  layered  in  sand 
in  the  cellar.  It  is  (piite  commonly  understood  that  black  walnuts  and  but- 
ternuts must  be  frozen  in  order  to  make  them  sprout.  'I'his  is  incorrect ; 
no  freezing  is  needed,  and  they  are  better  without  it,  and  the  same  remark 
applies  to  chestnuts  and  hickory  nuts.  As  soon  as  spring  opens  pre|)are 
the  ground  and  |)lant  tin-  nuts  either  in  the  nursery  or  forest,  covering  them 
about  an  inch  deep.  'I'he.se  trees  root  deeply,  growing  a  heavy  tap  root  the 
first  season,  and  they  can  be  easily  transjjlanted  by  taking  ])ains  to  save 
most  of  this  root.  The  transplanting  should  be  attended  to  not  later  than 
the  second  year,  excepting  the  chestnut,  which  being  of  slow  growth  at  the 
start,  can  be  safely  removed  a  year  or  two  later. 


d  neighboring 
to  Canada,  and 
'f  two  feet,  and 
•  for  manufact- 
1  are  nearly  as 
scalded  in  hot 
lily  from  seed 
dling  nursery, 


Black  Wai.nui'.  /ux/d'is  nif^ra. — A  native  of  the  United  .States, 
extending  northward  into  Canada,  and  occurring  more  or  less  common  in 
the  .\tlantic  states  and  west  beyond  the  Mississippi  river.  It  reaches  its 
greatest  development  ni  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries. 
The  value  of  its  timber  is  well  known,  and  probably  exceeds  that  of  any 
other  native  tree.  So  great  has  been  the  demand  in  recent  years  thai  the 
sup])ly  is  nearly  exhausted,  and  fabulous  prices  have  been  paid  for  fine  spec- 
imens tor  veneering  and  other  purjjoses.  Manufacturers  will  have  to  look 
for  their  future  supplies  to  the  new  forests  of  this  variety,  which  are  now 
being  planted  in  the  west.  This  tree  needs  a  rich,  deep  soil,  and  will  not 
thrive  in  a  poor  one.  It  succeeds  well  on  the  rich  prairie  soils  of  the  west 
where  not  subject  to  protracted  drouths.  It  is  also  being  successfully  planted 
to  some" extent  in  the  older  settled  portions  of  the  country,  where  the  orig- 
inal timber  growth  has  l)een  destroyed.  As  seedlings  of  the  black  walnut 
are  (piite  expensive  comjiared  to  most  other  varieties,  it  is  advisable  in  plant- 
ing a  forest  to  place  ihein  sixteen  feet  apart,  and  fill  up  the  ])lantation  with 
cheaper  trees,  which  will  necessarily  be  removed  in  the  process  of  thinning. 
It   commences  to  bear  nuts  in  about  ten  years  from  seed. 

Butternut.  Julians  cincrea. — .\  native  of  the  eastern  and  middle 
States,  extending  westward  to  Nebraska.  Its  timber  is  of  great  value  for 
manufacturing  purposes.  It  is  extremely  rapid  in  growth  and  adajited  to  a 
great  variety  of  soils.  Thriving  well  in  light  soils,  where  the  black  v,-alnut 
refuses  to  grow,  it  produces  nuts  at  five  years  from  seed,  and  the  price  real- 


i 


J-ORESr  LEA  VES, 

iblfth  ''^"'"^^'^'°"^-■"  P^y  -ll.for  the  money  invested,  to  say  nothing 
about  th  value  of  the  timber.  This  tree  at  its  best  seldom  .  ,  eeds  two  feet 
m  d.ameter,  and  m  favorable  locations  attains  a  height  of  sixty  feet. 

Amkr.can  Swkkt  Chestnut.     Castanea  vcsca~V\,\,  tree  is  a  native  of 
he   Atlantu  states   from  Massachusetts  ,o  (Georgia,  is  common  in  Ten     sse 
and   ken  ucky,  and   northward  .'o  Michigan.     It  attains  a  large  si.e  in   the 
fores  s,  often  exceeding  three  feet   ,n   diameter  and  a  hundred  feet  tall 

back      the  ground  when  ,t  w,ll  throw  up  a  straight  shoot  three  or  four  feet  high 

and  vigor.     It  commences  bearing  at  about  ten  vears  of  age.     The  chestnut 
■s  not  adapted  to  all  locations,  and  on   this  account  is  not  .  general^  o 
w.th   tree  planters.     Numerous  failures  are  reported  on  prai  ie  soils     ,k 
success  best  on  grav.  „y  soils,  on  ridges,  or  on  rocKy  hilll  and  mounlainoj: 

Planters   in  some  parts  of     Iowa  and  other  western   .States,  have  suc- 

the  nuts  uhere  the  trees  are  to  remain,  giving  some  winter  protec  ion   the 

rs    vear  or   two      They  claim  that  the  tree   is  materiallv  ,ni    red  bv"  an 
Plantmg,  which  is  not  the  case  here.  ' 


•s\\  i;i-:r  (;i  m. 


New^  '  ''^■-'""■'^"•~-'  "^''"■'^  "*"  "'^  ^  '^"-'  states,  extending  from 
New  N  ork  to  Indiana,  and  south  to  the  gulf  of  .Mexico.  It  grows  to  a  Ire 
sue  I  he  wood  is  compact  and  fine  grained.  Tree  a  rapid  oJ"J  %% 
uab  e  for  timber  and  a  beautiful  variety  for  ornamental  pu,  ,oscf  It  pre f^  s 
a  d  ep  „,o,st  soil,  and  is  not  hardy  north  of  latitude  40'  north  Seed  ee, 
-  u.  a  dry  state.  Sow  in  spring  in  the  seed  bed'transplant  ii^^^  ^ 
nursery,  then  nursery  and  thence  to  forest.  '^ 


I  I  [.IP   I  i{i:i;. 


C^^^U'  ;  ^'"■■"■"''   ''"'■■•  ^'"      '■''■'^"^'•'"i'on  tulipifna.-^  native  of 

(^HO   Indiana,  and  adjoining  states,  and  more  or  less  common  in  othe     Ins 

r  .  h^'nl  ^""V  '^^""""^   ""•"'^"^^  -'^  ■"  "-  ^-st,som  t^:^ 
reac    ng  ten  teet   in  diameter  and  one  hundred   and   thirtv  feet    tall       It 

The  tree  is  a  rapid  grower,  and  would  be  more  extensively  nlmted  if  it 
were  not  for  the  fact  that   it  is  very  slowly  disseminated  I  d      V 

^in^a  "::7^^'^  "^^"  ^^"^^ "  ^'■-  ^"^  ^'--  ^^-^^ ""  '-^nv  b.  d:^ 

niunt  a  yea.  before  coming  up.      The  seeds  ripen  in  the  fall.     Sow  at  on.e. 


I'  ^i 


d,  to  say  nothing 
exceeds  two  feet 
xtv  feet. 


FORES  7^  LEA  FES. 


29 


or  Keep  fresh  and   sow  in   the  spring.     Sow  in  the  seed  bed  and  transplant 
into  the  nursery  and  from  there  to  the  forest. 


ree  is  a  native  of 
on  in  Tennessee 
large  si/e  in  the 
ed  feet  tall.  Its 
it  should  be  cut 
or  four  feet  high 
much  in  growth 
•  Tile  chestnut 
general  favorite 
irie  soils,  and  it 
nd  mountainous 

tates,  have  suc- 

s  from  planting 

protection   the 

in  red  bv  trans- 


OSACJK   OHAXOE. 

Macliiia  LXiirantiaca. — A  native  of  Texas,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Terri- 
tory, but  found  in  cultivation  as  far  north  as  Iowa.  It  is  a  large  tree  of 
timber  dimensions  in  its  native  forests,  but  in  cultivation  it  is  ])rincipally 
grown  for  hedges.  The  wood  is  very  heavy  and  hard,  and  is  extremely 
durable.  It  grows  slowly  at  first,  but  increases  rapidly  in  size  as  it  becomes 
older.  The  seeds  ripen  in  the  fall,  and  are  left  in  the  oranges  until  spring. 
When  the  oranges  have  become  rotten,  the  seeds  are  separated  from  the 
pomace  liy  washing  out,  and  are  then  ready  for  sowing.  In  shipping  to  a 
distance  they  are  liable  to  become  somewhat  dried,  and  sliould  be  soaked  in 
warm  water  a  few  days  before  sowing.  Sow  in  the  seedling  nursery  and 
transplant  into  the  hedge  row,  sorting  them  so  that  plants  of  equal  vigor  will 
come  together  in  the  row.  For  the  hedge  row  a  strip  about  twelve  feet  wide 
should  be  in  a  state  of  good  cultivation,  and  recjuires  to  be  worked  for  several 
years  after  the  row  is  set.  The  i)lants  shouhl  be  set  one  foot  apart  in  the 
row.  The  Osage  orange  ne\er  suckers  or  sprouts  from  the. root,  is  very  easily 
and  'heaply  grown  from  seed,  and  makes  a  jjcrfect  hedge.  Hence  its  popu- 
larit\-.     It  is  not  ciuite  hardv  enough  for  our  northern  border. 


extending  from 
rows  to  a  large 
grower.  \"al- 
;es.  It  prefers 
'■  Seed  keeps 
int   in  seedling 


.SOI  15    (ilM. 

TuPKi.o.  Nyssa  inultifloni.  Pei>pf.rii>i;k. — A  native  tree,  extending  from 
New  England  to  Florida,  and  west  to  Michigan.  It  is  usually  a  medium 
sized  tree  at  maturity,  but  in  favored  localities  grows  to  a  large  size.  The 
wood  is  hard  and  very  lough,  the  fibers  being  so  crossed  and  interwoven 
that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  split  it.  It  is  used  for  wagon  hubs,  and  also 
for  box  boards. 

The  seeds  ripen  in  the  fall,  and  may  be  kept  dry  until  sjiring.  Sow  in 
sjiring  in  seed  bed,  transplant  to  nursery,  and  from  there  to  forest. 


— A  native  of 
in  other  parts 
)st,  sometimes 
-t  tall.  It  is 
Jrm,  its  pecul- 
value,  and  is 
Iso  in  various 

|)lanted  if  it 

seed.     Very 

ually  lii'  (inr- 

Sow  at  once. 


HYCAMOHE. 

Bui'TONWooD.  Plataiius  Oicidetttalis. — A  native  tree,  extending  over 
a  large  portion  of  the  United  States.  It  is  chiefly  found  growing  along  river 
bottoms,  where  it  attains  a  magnificent  size.  Specimens  are  often  found 
having  a  diameter  of  six  feet  or  more.  The  large  trees  are  always  hollow, 
but  the  younger  trees  furnish  a  good  cpiality  of  lumber  for  cabinet  work  and 
other  manufacturing  purposes.  The  sycamore  comes  easily  from  the  seed, 
makes  a  very  rapid  growth,  and  is  easy  to  transplant.  Thrives  best  in  a  rich 
moist  soil.  The  seed  remains  on  the  tree  until  spring;  it  forms  a  round  ball 
about  an  >  ich  and  a  half  in  diameter  which  contains  an  immense  number  of 
seeds.  This  falls  from  the  tree  when  the  new  buds  begin  to  swell  and  is 
scattered  by  the  winds.  Sow  in  the  seed  bed  under  shade  and  transplant 
into  nursery,  from  thence  to  forest. 


i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

! 

f  1 

i  \ 

1 

'   ' 

1 

!i 

i 

30 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 
BLACK   C'lIEHHV. 


Pr.nus  sa-otuHi.-\  native  common  in  the  fore.sts  in  various  localities- 
east  o    the  M.ss.ss.pp,  r.vcr,  attaining  in  some  favored  regions  a  diameter  of 
three  feet,  and  eighty  feet  m  height.     Its  lumber  is  of  the  greatest  value  for 
manufacturing  purposes.     Its   growth    is   extremelv  rapid,   and   it   succeeds 
we    .n  a  great  variety  of  soils  and  climate.      It  is  one  of  those  varieties  espe- 
cially suited  to  the  timberless  regions  of  the  west,  and  ought  to  become  a 
leading  variety  in  prairie  planting.     Like  the  white  ash,  the  green  poles  make 
excellent  fuel  for  the  stove  without  seasoning.     Its  rapid  growth  is  illustrated 
by  a  specimen  tree,  near  Elgin,  111.,  which  measured  sixtv  inches  in   circum- 
ference, one  foot  above  the  ground,  when  twenty-six  vears  old.     The  cherries 
ripen  in  .-Vugtist,  and  the  seeds  should  be  washed  out  and    lavered  in  sand 
and  sown  in  the  tall  or  early  spring.     If  not  kept  perfectly  fre^h  they  will  lie' 
dormant  a  year  before  sprouting.     Sow  in   the  seedling  nur.sery  and  trans- 
plant to  forest,  or  sow  in  the  forest  where  wanted. 


PKAR. 


Pyrus  ...v/.;../..-Intioduced  from  Europe.      In  some  parts  of  the  coun- 
ry.  especially  on  the   Pa<:,fic  coast,  the  pear  tree  is  used  to  a  certain  e>  tent 


for  forest  planting.     In  moist  clav  soils  it 


grows  with  great  vigor.  ..nd  attains 


a  large  si.e  and  a  height  of  eighty  to  a  hundred  feet.     The  seed  is  mostlv 

the":p'orT  'T'  ''':'-^^-y  '^  i^  -"  -^'  ^^^pt  fresh  :';:: 

the  fan,  or  layered  ,n    sand  and  sown   in  early  spring,  it  will   grow  the   first 
season      If  not,  it  is  sure  to  show  the  next.     .Sow  iif  the  seedling        rs 
transplant  into  nursery,  thence  to  forest.  "I'rsei;, 


HKD   OAK. 

Q.ercus  rubnan.-X  well   known   native   variety,  common  over  a   hr^e 
,K)rt.on  o    the   I  nited   .States.      It    is  especially  adapted  to  a  col     dinatt 
Its  growth  in   the   orest  is  very  rapid,  and  at  maturitv  is  about  t     ee  t    i t 
diameter.     Its   timber  ,s  of  great  value  for  barr.:   .t.^ves.  also  for       ils     , 
po  ts      It  makes  excellent  fuel  when  seasonci.     The  bark  is  of  th.  I  il 
quality  for  tanning  purposes,  and  on    this  account   it  ouaht  to  receiv     t  ore 
general  attention   from    forest  planters.     The   acorns  ripen   in    the   f  ilTc 
must  be   kept  fresh  until  planted.      Plant  in   fall   or  spnng   in  th      e  dl 
nursery,  and  transplant  into  the  forest.  secaiini. 


BLACK    L<K  I  ST. 


Vellow     Lot  fsr. 


.«,  ,  .  .  ^obinia  psauhiaicia.-~\  native  of  the  United 
States,  occtirrinK  m  Pennsylvania  and  other  states  south  and  west  ^^ 
found  m  cultiv.itinr  •-    -"   .-    .  ■  '"  >>c.m.     lu  is 


in  in   all  parts  of  th 


been  a  favorite  tree  for  forest  plant 


in 


IS  country,  and   has   for  a  long  ti 


g  in   Europe.     Its 


me 


growth  is  extremely 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


',1 


various  localities, 
ions  a  diameter  of 
greatest  value  for 

and  it  succeeds 
:)se  varieties  espe- 
iglit  to  become  a 
green  poles  make 
:)wth  is  illustrated 
nches  in  circum- 
Id.      The  cherries 

layered  in  sand, 
fresh  they  will  lie 
ursery  and  trans- 


lartsof  thecoun- 
a  certain  extent 
igor,  and  attains 
e  seed  is  mostly 
;sh  and  sown  in 
1  grow  the  first 
iedling  nurser\, 


rapid,  and  the  wood  is  solid  and  notec,  for  its  great  durability  when 
exposed  to  the  weather.  In  sonic  localities  it  has  been  seriously  injured 
by  borers,  and  its  cultivation  discontinued  on  that  account.  On  the 
whole,  however,  it  is  rapidly  increasing  in  popularity,  and  is  being  exten- 
sively planted.  It  is  especially  adapted  to  light,  sandy  soils,  but  succeeds 
well  in  any  good  soil  not  too  moist.  The  seeds  grow  in  pods  like  beans. 
They  ripen  in  the  fall,  and  keep  well  in  a  dry  condition.  Sow  in  the 
spring,  in  the  seedling  nursery,  and  transplant  into  the  forest.  Very  easy 
to  grow  from  seed,  or  to  transplant. 

Its  blossoms  are  very  showy  and  fragrant,  and  hence  it  is  highly  prized 
for  ornamental  i)urposes. 


Till-:  MOl'NTAJX  ASH. 

American  Mountain  Ash.  Pynis  Ameriaxna. — A  native  of  British 
America  and  northern  United  States.  It  is  noted  for  extreme  hardiness, 
and  its  beautiful  appearance  as  an  ornamental  tree.  Its  fruit  is  a  red  berry, 
growing  in  large  clusters,  and  remaining  on  the  tree  during  the  winter.  It 
is  a  small  tree  at  maturity,  not  large  enough  to  be  of  much  value  for  timber. 
Seeds  should  be  kept  fresh,  and  sown  in  the  fall  or  spring.  Sow  in  the  seed 
bed,  under  shade;  transplant  in  seedling  nursery,  thence  to  nursery,  and 
from  there  to  forest,  or  other  permanent  location.  Seeds  do  not  germinate 
until  second  season. 

EuROPKAN  Mountain  Ash.  Soibtis  aucuparia. — This  tree  much 
resembles  our  native  variety,  but  grows  to  a  larger  size.  It  succeeds  well 
here  in  the  northern  states  in  cultivation,  and  is  highly  ornamental.  Direc- 
tions for  sowing,  planting,  etc.,  same  as  above. 


n\  over  a  large 
a  cold  climate. 
ut  three  feet  in 
o  for  rails  and 
i  of  the  highest 
)  receive  more 
II  the  fall,  and 
n  the  seedling 


TIIK    »A.SW\V()()I). 

Amkrican  Basswood,  Lynn,  Lindkn.  Tilia  AnurUana. — A  well 
known  native  tree,  common  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  growing  tree,  and  attains  a  large  size  in  the  forest.  The 
v.'oud  is  very  soft,  but  makes  excellent  lumber  for  many  uses  in  building 
and  manufacturing.  Seed  ripens  in  September,  and  keeps  well  dry.  Sow 
in  fall  or  spring  in  the  seed  bed,  under  shade.  Does  not  germinate  until 
the  second  spring.  Transplant  respectively  into  seedling  nursery,  nursery 
and  forest. 


f  the  United 
id  west.  It  i.s 
r  a  long  time 
It  is  extremely 


Smai.l-lkavei)  Euroi'F.an  Basswood,  Limk,  Linden.  Tilia  Eitropcca. 
—  Very  closely  resembles  the  preceding  in  appearance,  iiuality  of  the  wood, 
etc.     Succeeds  well  here,  and  requires  the  same  treatment. 

Laroe-i.eaved  Euroikan  Basswood.  Ti/ia  Enropiva  ^raiuiifolia. — 
.\  variety  with  leaves  and  seeds  much  larger  than  the  preceding.  Direc- 
tions same  as  for  the   American  variety  above   described.     The   basswoods 


"-'■■v-iiisetiassms- 


f         i 


32 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


are  all    noted   for  their  beautiful 

roil)  their  blossoms. 


great  favor  with  bee-keepers   on   •,  '^"'"T   T1   '"'"■''"'    '^''"^''  ^"^^   ^''   ''^ 
.-iityofthehon::p:X;n.;:^T'^"5''-   ^--  ^•---ce  and   fine 


'    -J 


tin;    klvis. 

to  retain  their  genninatin,  qualities        '     ■,"    knn  ",      '  "'""  ^"  ^" 

the  seed  had  been  kept  dn-  I  y^Z,  \^:\^Zr:;::':Z':i  '''''' 
another  year  in  the  ground,  .t  came  up  thickiv  -md  d  d  w  ^     '  ,""' 

m  the  seedling  nursery,  an<l  transplant   into     h     ',  T  T^' 

-here  wanted.     If  they  germinate  at  ail     I  ev    ,  '"''  '"  ''^'^  '^"'"^■^^ 

t-;ey  take  deep  root  in^^he  eart^  lid  tdrn;;;  thr::;";::::;;^''^ 

of  any  amount  of  abuse  and  ill-treatment.  '  ''"''' 

proportions,  often    attaining    a 


and    ornament.       It    is    a    tree    of 

diameter  of    six    feet ;     with 

branches 

on  accou 

great  variety  of  purjioses. 


,'igantic 


■  »1    s,x    r„., ;     ,vi,l,    b..a„,if„l    spreading    ,„„      "  Z'  ,„     J   '"'^    " 
■•  »nd  f,„e  f,„„,e.      A»  n  „„„.„  .lec  i,s  l',,         ,    ta  ,    ;, tS 


Rock   El. M.      ^Vw//.-  ;-,r.vw,;.v?.— Not  so  larire  ■,.   ,h 
be.ng  over  two  feet  m  diameter  at  maturitv       t    'ou^,  'T       "''  -^"^""^ 

of  great  strength  and  durability.  Th  ,er  sit?  "' 'T  '"'^''^  ^''""'^ 
ship-building,  and  the  smaller  ones  e  nZ\  t  T  "•"'''  '""^'^  ^^'''  ^°' 
great  deal  of  this  lumber  is  iise      n   '  ■■    ^^   ^'  '""^''■•''  I^"'^^'  ^f*-^'     ^ 

white  oak  and  hick^^  ;;r^o ^r;::::":;:?:  ■" '''-'  i^-r'  ^---^ 

-l^ich  are  very  curious  and  beautiftu  T,  '  J  ""'''  '"^'^^y'^''^^^''  ^wigs. 
ti-n  the  other  elms,  and  ripen  :;:;';';j;;L::ter   '  '""   '^^'   '"^^^'- 

Red  Elm,  Slii'I'erv  E1..M.      Ulmu^  f„h<,      -vx  ■ 
the  same  size  as   the   rock   elm        I     "n^^^'r  T     "  ^'"-^V""^  '°  ^'""^ 
manufacturing    purposes        It     s    I      l  ^'''''   '^''"^"   ^"'-   '^''^ou, 

account  of  its  rLp  i  g  Lth   h     di   <!^;  'f  "'^"■"".'    '^    '^"''■''^    P'^^'^^   - 
of  the  young  tree    forTe     '  't        ''n"'    ""  '"'"  '""^^^'  '"^"^  ^'-'  -^'-• 

aginoui  anj  has  greL^lii^r 'i^dic,::;;.;;::;^^ " ''''  '^-  '^  "^-'- 
-s .ained  rapidly  in  f^or  ..that ;;:te:rarL'^;::r;:!:;;::-: 


Plate   v. 


shade,  and   are   in 
bundance  and   fine 


1  (luality  of  timber, 
and  adajjted   to  a 
■e  varieties.     Tjiey 
lid  he  sown  imme- 
e   is   easier  grown 
shipped   long   dis- 
handle  them  so  as 
's,  however,  where 
'er  lying  dormant 
11-     Sow  the  seeds 
sow  in  the  forest 
me  to  succeed,  as 
y  "(nvard  in   si)ite 


the  largest  of  our 
planted  for  shade 
'ten  attaining  a 
aceful,  drooping 
n  great  demand 
nufacturing  for  a 


receding,  seldom 
d  straight  trunks 
sought  after  for 
■rs,  piles,  etc.  A 
f  second  growth 
:y-barked  twigs, 
eat   deal   larger 


grows  to  about 
lue  for  various 
■it-'  l^lanters  on 
;,  and  the  value 
5   tree  is  nuicil- 


I'liis  is  a  favor- 


rod 


uction  here 


t  planting.     It 


f 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


33 


is  claimed  to  be  better  adapted  to  planting  in  cities,  wiiere  there  is  a  great 
deal  of  smoke  and  dust,  than  any  of  our  native  species. 


VAHIKTIKS  IM{()I'A(;ATI:I)  FKOM  (1  TTIXCiS. 

Silver-leak  I'opi.ak,  Ai!Kle,  White  Poplar.  Populus  rt'/A?.— This 
tree  is  of  foreign  introduction,  but  has  lieen  a  long  time  in  cultivation  here 
for  ornamental  purposes,  and  is  l)eing  employed  to  some  extent  in  timber 
plantations.  It  is  very  highly  spoken  of  in  the  west  as  a  timber  tree,  Bry- 
ant regarding  it  as  superior  to  any  of  our  native  poplars,  while  Prof.  Watson, 
of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  is  confident  that  our  native  species  are  better  in  every 
respect  and  for  any  purpose  than  any  foreign  ones  that  can  be  introduced. 
This  tree,  like  ail  the  poplars,  is  of  remarkably  rapid  growth.  It  shows  a 
strong  tendency  to  send  up  shoots  from  the  roots,  which  renders  it  trouble- 
some in  cultivated  groundr,  but  is  not  an  objectionable  feature  in  wood- 
lands. 

The  Lomisardv  Poplar.  Populus  dilatata. — A  tree  of  foreign  intro- 
duction, which  has  been  very  generally  diffused  throughout  the  United 
States,  having  been  usually  planted  for  ornamental  jnirposes.  It  grows 
straight  and  very  tall,  even  when  standing  alone.  The  wood  is  soft  and  of 
but  little  value.  It  is  a  very  jjretty  tree  in  contrast  with  other  varieties, 
and  when  in  full  vigor ;  but  it  is  objected  to  as  being  short-lived,  and  after 
it  commences  ;  die  at  the  top  its  beauty  is  gone.  It  is  very  useful  in  tim- 
ber plantations  to  fill  in  between  the  trees  that  are  intended  to  remain  per- 
manently. 

The  Larce  White  Poplar,  /'opu/us  graniiidetitata.—\  native  tree  of 
large  size.  The  wood  is  valuable  for  lumber.  It  works  smoothly,  takes  a 
good  i)olish,  and  is  not  liable  to  shrink.  It  outgrows  any  other  variety  I 
know    of,    attains    a   larger   si/e,   and    ])roduces   better   lumber   than    any 

other. 

Balsam  Poplar.  Populus  balsamifeia. — This  native  variety  also 
attains  to  timber  jjroporlions,  and  is  a  desirable  sort  for  forest  planting, 
although  not  so  valuable  as  the  preceding.  Tiiey  are  both  northern  trees, 
and  will  endure  any  amount  of  cold  without  injury.  They  will  also  thrive 
and  grow  in  our  lightest  soils,  and  in  many  western  localities  where  it  is 
difticult  to  get  other  trees  to  grow. 


Bal.m  ()i  Gii.eai).  Populus  tivitlicaiis. — A  small  native  tree  common  in 
some  parts  of  our  northern  forests,  and  well  known  in  cultivation.  It  is  not 
large  enough  to  be  of  much  value  for  timber  planting,  but  as  a  shade  tree  it 
is  very  ])oi)ular  on  account  of  its  rapid  growth  and  beautiful  form  and  foliage. 
Its  buds  contain  a  resinous  substance  of  an  agreeable  odor,  which  pervades 
the  atmosphere  in  the  vicinity  of  the  tree,  and  is  supposed  to  counteract 
malarial  influences. 


34 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


THE    >nsC0N«,X    WKEr.vc;     WILLOW. 

as  o^f  ^;^r:r::;:;;^;;1:!;^  ^^-^  '^  -  'ong  been  .no.n 

.   become  ver.  Po.>u.ar;;;r;i;^:;ir  1^:::^  oif:  "^^^  r-""^ 

growth,  Its  thrift  and  viRor  in  -ill  .oik  nn  .  T  exceedingly  rapid 

and  the  ease  witi,  which  it  "n  be  n^o         ^T^"""'  "'  """""'-^  '^-^'" '-^. 
.       inches  in  length,  insert  dneli!'  rT         T''  "'"'■"«^-     ^"""'"^''^  ^'^ 
feet  the  same  season.     It  is  extr      I  ,!'','  '"""  ""  «^°""^  °'"  ^'Slu 
or  dry.  light  or  heavy.     R  pom  o       '  .'r"     7"  ^''''"  '"  ^'">'  -'•  ^^^ 

received   fron,  all   pLs  of  the  co  tntrv      1  '^'''  '■''""'^"  '^^^''-'  ^^^^-^ 

ti^e  bleak  Atlantic    oast,  fron   the         !  '.    '^  ''^^  '^'^'  '^  '^'^^'-     '•"-'- 

the  sandy  plains  of  west.    Ka    Is         r;"^^^  °'"  '"-'•^  ^nd  Iowa,  from 

orado  and  Utah,  from   Idaho  and    h/^  .  ""Pregnated  soils  of  Col- 

ern  clinuUe  of  liritish  Col  mb h^h  J,  ""  ""'  •'"'  '"'"  ""  ^^^''^  "°"h- 
^'-  -How  is  succeeding  ;od;„t:rr'^  "'^7''^  ^°  "^^  ^«"--'  "-^ 
growth.        Notwithstanding    it     rJ    a  ^ S  Z"^'  '"^''"^  '^  ^-"^-^"' 

t-gli  and  hardy,  and  does  not  breik.  ''       ""■""^''   ''   '^''"^•'^^  '«   '^^ 

^•orn.  'l^vcnty..oyearsa  tl  :  it  r;:h„t"r  ""  •"'""  ^^  ^^'"^  ^^ 
"'^^  ^•■■'■inity  of  .Milwaukee,  and  las  '  t  '  ^  "  '""'"S  "'^  "^''^  ^'"'^^y  in 
c"n,ference.  The  ground  where  t^T-'^  "^"  ''^'^'  '-'-'^  '"  -r- 
Pianted,  and  has  been  most  of  U,e  :^;^  I  '"'^  ^f  ^^^'t  '"^  '""  '^  "'^^^ 
''ve  years  ago  from  a  cutting  now  measures  tl'  /  ■'  "^'^  l''^'^^<^  started 
ence,   is   growing    in    a   dr,     sWv   In  ^  ^■"'''°  '""'^^^  '"  ^'■•c'-nnfer- 

whatever  since  the  first  yea;      It^'    "?"';'  "^^  .  '^''^    '^'-^^    -    attention  ' 
from  becoming  very  tall,  but  it   grow.      H     n    'T'""^'  ''"'^'"'^'  '"'-^^•^"'^  '' 
wood  is  excellent   for  fuel      It  ''I'Zl  '  J/"  "'"'^^  '^"  '"8^'  ^"^  the 

^vind  when  planted  for  this  purpose,  .,nd.  will  ?''  ''""''"■  'S^'"'"^'  "^^ 
;i-c  ly  with  this  than  any  other  kno::  Ca  i  t  '"ui^'^"  '^"  '^"'"''^^  "'«- 
forestry  as   a  nurse  for  other  trees      T\.rT  '""^  "''-^'■"'  '""  "^'^'^d 

grown  from  cuttings  renders  it  of 'espe  al  vIirT  7'"  ^^•'''^'-  '' ""  ^^^ 
good  neighbor,  deriving  most  of  its  sn  l.T  r      "         "'"  ''"^l^"^^-     ^'  i^  a 

ing  very  little  from  the  soih  "''  '^'■°'"  "'^  atmosphere  and  tak- 

EVKIUillEEXy. 

bed,u:r:haiti;:;::rt:o;:::!rV""'r  '^^-'^^^  *"  '■-  -^d 

After  one  year  more  remove  to  the-ney      w?    "^  ^°  "^'""^  ""-^^'• 
tliem  m  the  forest  or  elsewhere   in   T    ^'  '''°"'  '^°  ^^^'  '^'g'^  ^et 

<:loudy  or  rainy  weather  he  spr  ni  in,'"?,"";"'  '°"''''^"-  ^''^  ^-o'- 
-se  the  greatest  care  in  keeping  erooi"  "I  '^'-'"^'^'^^""'"g-  and  exer- 
of  removal.  When  seedlint'  vtrgrel  ar"  '?  '"""  '"^'"^'  "^^  ^^ ^ 
should  be  planted  in  the  se^ed  beT  de;:,!""''"^' ^™"^  ^  d^'-",  they 
transplanted  into  the  seedling  nur  e  v  „   ,  "^  ■■'""'  "^^"  -^cessively 

above.     If  the  seed  of  evergrlnisf;  ,.:?'•"'  '°"^^  ^^  -commended 
years  old.  and  has  been   properly  cared  f  "'  ""'  '"°''  ''^'"  °"^  «•■  ^^^ 

season;   but  if  the  soil  is    er^  d  y  tl  e  std  ol"  "?;"'"  ^°   ^^«^'  ''^^  «-' 
not  come  up  the   first   year  they  sLr/        '  '"^  ^'^^'^'^  ^''^>' ^" 

probably  genn.nate  the  next  season  ""  -disturbed,   as  they   will 


V. 

ng  been  known 
It  has  recently 
eedingly  rapid 
enie  hardiness, 
Cuttings  six 
owth  of  eiglit 
1  any  soil,  wet 
■ter  have  been 
a  trial.     From 
nd  Iowa,  from 
i  soils  of  Coi- 
le  cold  north- 
he  effect  that 

a  wonderful 
proves   to   be 
oC  wind  and 
!iis  variety  in 
nclies  in  cir- 
'  time  it  was 
ilace  started 
1  circumfer- 
o    attention 

prevents  it 
Jgs,  and  the 
against  the 
:luced  more 
ul  in  mixed 
I'-  it  can  be 
se.  It  is  a 
■e  and  tak- 


the  seed 
g  nursery. 
■t  high  set 
;lect  cool, 
and  exer- 
ie  process 
nee,  they 
:cessively 
mm  ended 
ne  or  two 
•'  the  first 
:  tiiey  do 
liey    will 


FO/iEST  LEA  I'ES. 
THE    WPRUCES    AND    FIUH. 


35 


Norway  Spr-  ck.  A/nes  rx,-e/sa.—A  tree  of  foreign  introduction  which 
has  for  a  long  ti:n  been  grown  in  this  country  for  ornamental  purposes 
hedges  and  shelter  belts.  It  is  also  quite  extensively  employed  in  mixed 
forests.  It  succeeds  well  in  a  great  variety  of  soils  and  locations,  being  a 
rapid  and  vigorous  grower,  and  is  greatly  admired  as  an  ornamental  tree  on 
account  of  its  symmetrical  form  and  rich,  green  foliage.  It  is  better  known 
and  more   extensively  planted  than  any  of  the  other  spruces. 

White  Spruck.  A/>ie<'  a//>a.~A  small  tree  native  to  the  northern  states 
and  Canada,  extending  to  the  northern  limits  of  vegetation.  It  is  a  beauti- 
ful ornamental   tree,  noted  for  its  fine  silvery  foliage  and  graceful  form. 

Black  Spruck.  A/u'es  //^-z-^.— Native  to  the  northern  states  and  Can- 
ada, and  extending  south  along  the  Alleghany  mountains.  In  favored  situ- 
ations it  grows  to  a  large  size  and  produces  a  very  good  (piality  of  lumber. 
The  foliage  is  coarser  and  tree  of  more  rapid  growth  than  the  preceding 
variety.     Highly  prized  for  ornamental  planting. 

Hf.mi.ock  Si'Ruci:.  A/>ies  Caiuh/cusis.—X  well  known  tree  of  the  north- 
ern states,  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  extending  northward  to  Hudson's  Bay 
and  southward  to  North  Carolina.  The  old  trees  in  the  forest  often  have  a 
rough,  unsightly  appearance,  but  as  grown  in  the  nurseries  and  open  situations, 
with  its  fine  graceful  foliage,  droojjing  branches  and  color  of  living  green, 
it  is  the  most  attractive  and  beautiful  of  all  the  spruces.  It  is  extensively 
employed  for  ornamental  hedges,  and  no  variety  is  better  adapted  for  this 
purpose.  It  grows  to  a  large  size  in  the  forest,  often  exceeding  five  feet  in 
diameter  and  a  hundred  feet  tall.  Its  lumber  is  much  used  in  building  for 
rough  work  and  where  great  strength  and  durability  are  reipiired.  The  bark 
is  used  in  large  quantities  for  tanning. 

Balsam  Fir.  A/nes  halsamea. — A  small  tree  native  to  our  northern  bor- 
der and  Canada.  It  is  in  great  demand  for  ornamental  purposes.  Its  growth 
is  regular  and  symmetrical,  assuming  the  conical  form  when  very  young. 
It  grows  rapidly  and  succeeds  in  a  great  variety  of  soils.  Its  foliage  of  a 
beautiful  rich  green  retains  its  color  during  the  severest  winters.  A  medi- 
cinal substance  known  as  Canada  balsam  is  obtained  in  large  ipiantities 
from  this  tree. 

SiiA'KR  Fir.  Abies  pectiiiata. — A  European  variety  of  large  size  and 
rapid  growth.  The  timber  is  soft  and  is  much  used  for  lumber,  shingles,  etc. 
It  is  adapted  to  a  more  southern  latitude  than  the  balsam  fir,  although  hardy 
enough  to  succeed  well  in  most  of  the  northern  states. 

Douglas  Fir.  A/>ies  Doug/iisii. — A  native  of  the  i'acific  coast  from 
Mexico  to  British  America.  It  sometimes  reaches  the  enormous  size  of  fif- 
teen feet  in  diameter  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high.  Its  growth  is 
extremely  rapid  and  it  succeeds  in  a  variety  of  soils,  but  is  best  adapted  to  a 


V 


i' 


36 


J-OREST  LEA  VES. 


T.- .•    1       •      .  I'lvonce  tiitre  lor  timber  and  ornamental  nlnnnn.. 


only  for  o™,„,e„,.„  p„„„,„,  „,„,„  „  „„„,„  ..Jri  ,1;:,    ^'t L  foii'^c 
very  co,„pac,  and  n„e,  .,,1,  a  »Mvery  slauco,.  .,,|„n™,cc      T      for  ,  'f 
H.C  tree  ,,,  vory  d,st,„ct,  bcng  ,le„d»r  and  npriglu.     I,  is  ,  I,  .a,„if  d  .^^  f 
ornan,e„,al  ,,,a„,i„.,  b„,  ratlu.  difticnl,  ,„  ,' a„^,|a„  '  '"I      ,    ".?, 

""" """ """"" """  <">^  "i> ckiy  „.„.„  exp„»^  ,0  •„„  an,,:;,;:,;    * 

:r  i;:  ;r^r ,  ::';;;;;;^;;r ';:':^' :'-  f^"  •^"' "  -"^^ 


TIIK     LAkCIIKS. 

>-ypop„L'i„  .any'"„::;ie;'i  ^,t;rlo;;^.,:;;,r■ ,:""  r  -'" 

•' Element,  ofFoicslrv  ■■  also  sav,  "  K  !J  ■  """S''  '"  '"^ 

l.»s   s„„,.».„a,  d,.,ap,:„,„,ed°  ^  ^.a t      '  "^  ^k:  :i,:r  11'"  ""'" 

r;^:;..t,^s:a"f,::r:;;^,:;,;r:rr:;-r'--''--- 
.i.o„g.  .e,,e„.,y  f„„„d  doi„,  ,..„  'i„  .af;;';::^  T',,:,':, '':;;::"■„:::- 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


37 


)tland  in  i<S26 
ntal  planting, 
nary  building 


^'liicii  is  used 

Tlie  foliage 

rile  form  of 

tifiil  tree  for 

ots  are  very 

ilicre. 

distributed, 
Atlantic  to 
fssee,  where 
Its  timber  is 
?ems  hardly 
I  tree,  and  is 
ibove.  'I'iie 
lose  pulp  is 
)d  ashes  for 
le  inilp  and 


lias  been 
tl  is  still 
"  tlic  first 
inj;  before 
;reens  and 
?r  charac- 

ir  three 
led,  it  has 
;,  and  has 
gli  in  his 
ern  states 
European 
ity  of-  its 
le  spring. 


ncaiia. — 

rn   states 

Closely 


resembles  the  preceding  variety  in  form  and  foliage.  The  timber  from  the 
native  forests  is  hard  and  very  durable,  and  is  used  for  a  variety  of  pur- 
poses in  building  and  manufacturing.  A  very  fine  tree  (or  ornamental 
planting. 

Tin:  IMNKM. 

Whitk  Pink,  Weymouth  I'ink.  Pinm  strohus.—\  well  known  native 
tree,  producing  lumber  of  the  greatest  value  for  building  jjurposes.  The 
pine*  lumber  of  commerce  is  mostly  the  product  of  this  species.  Immense 
tracts  of  land  in  the  northern  states  and  Canada  were  originally  covered 
with  dense  forests  of  this  variety,  notably  in  Miine,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Micliigan,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  The  demands  of  commerce  and  the 
greed  of  land  owners  for  presen'  gains,  have  led  to  the  wholesale  destruction 
of  these  valuable  forests,  and  it  is  now  only  a  (piestion  of  a  few  years'  time, 
at  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  before  they  will  be  entirely  destroyed,  and 
that  without  any  ade(iuate  provision  having  been  made  for  a  future  supply. 
With  the  disappearance  of  the  white  pine,  all  other  varieties  of  timber  suit- 
able for  building  purposes  will  rapidly  tbllow.  Hence,  those  who  are  now 
actively  engaged  in  the  planting  of  forests  for  timber,  may  reasonably  expect 
that  their  efforts  will  be  richly  rewarded. 

'{"he  white  pine  at  maturity  is  a  tree  of  gigantic  proportions,  often 
attaining  a  diameter  of  six  feet,  and  a  hight  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  or 
rnore.  It  succeeds  in  a  great  variety  of  soils,  from  very  light  sand  to  heavy 
clay,  and  will  thrive  in  either  wet  or  dry  locations.  In  iMirope  it  is  being 
extensively  ])lanted,  where  it  is  prized  above  any  of  their  native  varieties. 
The  ])ines  are  all  of  great  value  for  ornamental  purposes  and  are  more  easily 
transplanted  than  most  other  evergreen  trees. 

Austrian  Pink.  Piniis  Austriaca. — This  tree  is  a  native  of  Austria. 
It  was  introduced  into  iMigland  in  1835,  and  into  this  country  a  few  years 
later.  It  was  at  llrst  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree,  for  which  purpose  it  is 
especially  desirable*  Its  stout,  rapid  growth,  and  general  health  and  vigor 
in  a  great  variety  of  soils,  attracted  the  attention  of  forest  planters,  and  for 
several  years  ])ast  it  has  been  growing  rapidly  in  favor.  Its  growth  from  the 
start  is  rajjid  and  stocky,  not  shooting  ahead  quite  so  fast  as  the  Scotch  pine 
for  the  first  few  years,  but  having  a  more  hardy,  robust  and  healthy 
appearance. 

Scotch  Pine.  Pinus  sylvestris. — One  of  the  most  valuable  of  European 
varieties.  It  is  tough  and  hardy,  of  very  rapid  growth,  and  adapted  to  a 
great  variety  of  i-oils  and  climate.  Valuable  for  forest  planting,  especially 
in  poor  soils  where  many  of  the  other  varieties  will  not  flourish. 

Rkd  Pink,  Norway  Pink.  Pinus  resinosa. —  This  variety  is  destined 
to  occupy  a  very  conspicuous  position  in  the  future  of  forestry  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  a  native  of  this  country,  and  many  of  our  most  careful  experi- 
menters believe  it  to  be  of  greater  value  for  forest  planting  than  any  other 
conifer,  native  or  foreign.  It  grows  and  iiourishes  in  exposed  situations  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  is  eijually  at  home  in  the  rich  alluvial  soils  of  the  Missis- 


38 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


THK  AKHOIJ    VIT.IX 

irer,  a,„l  is  ,x  omi.dv  ,„  .     r!  !'»  variety  n.alc,  a  bea„,if„l  la„,„ 

a.ui  k-a.  pr.M,i„    :";::;;;;:;;;;'  '-■«;■': " "  --"^  "-»i'ta..d 

«late,  i,  sMcecls  ,v.ll  i„  ,|rv         t  '  '"  """"  '"''"  ''"  '"■  ""i" 

Ml  (Ir,  Ml,iaii(„„,  BrowiiiK  ,n,i,i.  rapidly. 

in  cultivation  in  our  leadi-tnurj^.w!"     '      '""  '  '"^  ''""  '"'•  ^'  ''^"■'^  ''>"- 
Golden  Aruor  Vit  v      r//u/,    „■,-.  .  ,■ 

ceding  speci...  „i,„  r„,i«.  „f » JL::::'%::;;,~^^ '"'"'  °'  "^  '-■ 

wllere  larger  trees  .rould  not  l,e  sniiabll  '         '  """■"'">■  '""'■  ="-•■. 

C.Ai.ii.oKNiA   White  CiDAk        7V    •    /■     •   ■ 
and  Oregon,  whici,  is   recommended  3  ^Tf''''''^-'  "^^^''^-^  "^  ^'alifornia 
It  gro.s  to  a  large  size,  and  itTl      i  Tof        d't"   '"   ^';^'  ^^^'-"  — 
tncal   form   and  beautiful   foliage   make   iV  ?  ^  "■^'"'-     ^'^  ^>'"'^^- 

tree.  ""'^'   "''^"^^   "    ^ery  desirable  as  an  ornamental 

Giant  Akhor  V^it*-       t*/ 
Oregon.  Washington  Territor?!^ St:;^'  7Z:'  '''  '-'''  ^"^^  ^ 
•n   .ts  native   forests,    sometimes  exceed  n,;       f  '"  ""'"""^^  ^"'^'^ 

hundred  feet  high.     This  is  also  r  .  ^  ?  ^'''   '"   ^'''™^'"  ^"^  two 

and   .ill  probably   pro  ^  [oT/of         T^^   ^or  cultivation   further  east.     ' 
planting.  ^       "    '°    ^'  "^  ^''''    value  for  forest  and   ornam.pta 


FORKSr  LEAVES. 


39 


extreme  i  old 
"».  it  makes  a 
ler  evergreen, 
ic  and  lieavy, 
"I  pines. 

:ren)elv  rapid 
I"   not  (piite 


ffiita/is.  —  A 
g  along  the 
'  size,  some- 
nd  of  great 
t-'ly  used  for 
ence   posts, 

sii;il)!e  and 
II ti fill  huvn 
■anspl.inted 
II  its  native 


1 1   tree    for 
'onj;  lime 

5f  the  i)re- 


rf  variety 
lots,  etc., 


-California 

'ti  states. 

symme- 

namental 


KKL.VTIVK  Sl/E  OF  TREE  SEEDS. 

In  a  work  of  this  character  it  is  difticult  to  give  accurate  descrijjiions  of 
the  different  varieties  of  seeds  witliout  illustrations.  'I'hese  I  haw  i)een 
unal)le  to  procure  in  time  for  this  volume,  and  they  have  necessaril;,  been 
deferred  for  insertion  in  the  next  edition. 

The  following  table  will  give  an  idea  of  the  relative  size  or  weight  of  seeds 
and  aid  the  planter  in  forming  a  conclusion  as  to  the  amount  ro(piired  lor 
any  given  puri)ose.  It  must  heliorne  in  mind,  however,  that  there  are  always 
a  great  many  of  the  seetls  in  any  given  variety  whi(  h  do  not  f^row.  The 
number  of  poor  or  false  seeds  being  usually  less  among  large  seeds  than 
small  ones.  Maple  seed  lobes  grow  in  pairs  and  in  some  varieties,  notably 
the  sugar  maple,  one  lobe  contains  \  seed,  while  the  opposite  one  is  sterile, 
so  that  one-half  of  what  ajjpear  to  be  seeds  are  nothing  but  empty  shells. 


coast  m 
Jnse  size 
and  two 
lier  east, 
aniental 


4° 


FOREST  LEA  I'ES. 


NUMBEU  OF  SEKDS  TO  THE  l»OrND, 

Ascertained  by  actual  count: 


Is 


Common  Name. 
European  White  Birch, 
American  White  Birch, 
American  Arbor  Wix, 
Yellow  Birch, 
Black  Spruce, 
White  Spruce, 
Sycamore, 
Scrub  Pine, 
Hemlock  Spruce, 
White  Alder, 
European  Alder, 
Tamarack, 

American  Mountain  Ash, 
European  Mountain  Ash, 
European  I, arch, 
Japanese  Catalpa, 
American  White  Elm, 
Balsam  Fir, 
Teas'  Hybrid  Catalpa, 
Norway  Spruce, 
Scotch  Pine, 
Red  Pine, 
Red  Elm, 

Chinese  Arbor  Vita^ 
Corsican  Pine, 
Camperdown  Elm, 
Black  Locust, 
Common  Catalpa, 
Austrian  Pine, 
Green  Ash, 
Scarlet  Maple, 
White  Pine, 
Striped  Maple, 
Ailanthus, 
Hardy  Catalpa, 
Sweet  (ium, 
Tulip  Tree, 
Pear, 

Box  J-^lder, 
European  Basswcod, 
Silver  i-'ir. 


liotanical  Name. 
Bctula  alba, 
Betu'a  papyracca. 
Thuja  occicktitalis, 
Bctula  lutea, 
Abies  nigra, 
Abies  alba, 
Plata nus  occidentalism 
Pinus  Banksiana., 
Abies  Caiiaiiensis, 
Almis  iiicana, 
Aluus  gli/li/iosa, 
Larix  Aineiicaiia, 
Pyius  Americana, 
Sorbus  aucuparia, 
Larix  Europaa, 
Catalpa  Kocinpfcri, 
Uhnus  Americana, 
Abies   balsamca, 

Abies  excclsa, 
Pinus  Sylvestris, 
Pinus  rcsinosa, 
Uhnus  fulva. 
Thuja  orientalis, 
Pinus  Laricio, 
i  'hn us  ca mp est r is, 
Robinia  pseudacacia, 
Catalpa  big  nonioidcs, 

Pinus  Austriaca, 

Fraxinus  I'iriiiis, 

Acer  rubra, 

J'inus  strobus, 

Acer  Pcnnsxlvanicum, 

Ailanthus  glandulosa, 

Catalpa  speciosa. 

Liquidaniber  styracij/ua, 

l.iriodendron  tulipifcra, 

Pyrus  communis, 

Acer  negundo, 

Tilia  Eur  Optra, 

Abits  pectinata. 


No.  in  a  lb. 
511,689 
504.576 
305'289 
287,622 
209,088 

'97.563 
160,704 

•41,237 
120,632 
118,678 
115,218 

108,327 
107,180 
97.535 
93.215 
92.352 
78,527 
74.627 
74.112 

72,575 
61,055 

54,359 
41.383 
38.976 
36,864 
28,992 
28,891 
26,464 
22,656 
22,464 
21,440 
20,480 
20, 161 

'9.776 
18,721 
18,047 
15.680 
14,784 
13,024 
1 2,000 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


No.  in  a  lb. 
511,689 

504.576 
305'289 
287,622 
209,088 

'97.563 
160,704 

141,237 
120,632 
118,678 
115. 218 

108,327 
107,180 

97-535 
93,215 
92,352 
78,527 

74,6.-7 
74,112 

72,57s 
61,055 

54,359 
4',3«3 
38,976 
36,864 
28,992 
28,891 
26,464 
22,656 
22,464 
21,440 
20,480 
20,161 

•9,776 
18,721 
•8,047 
15,680 
14,784 
i3,'^24 
12,000 


Common  Name. 

Osage  Orange, 

European  Hornbeam, 

American  White  Ash, 

Irish  Juniper, 

Maritime  Pine, 

Rock  Khn, 

Red  Cedar, 

Berberry, 

Sugar  Maple, 

Norway  Maple, 

English   Hawthorn, 

Sycamore  Maple, 

American  Basswood, 

f^uropean  Ash, 

Black  Ash, 

European  Basswood  (large-leaved), 

Black  Cherry, 

Sour  Cium, 

Honey  Locust, 
Silver-leaf  Maple, 

American  Beech, 

European  Beech, 

Italian  Stone  Pine, 

Pawpaw, 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree, 

American  Sweet  Chestnut. 

Hickory  (shell-bark), 

Amtrican  Horse  Chestnut. 

European  Horse  Chestnut, 

Black  Walnut, 

Butternut, 


Botanical  Name.  No. 

Madura  aurantiaca, 
Carpinus  betu/us, 
Fraxiiius  Amerifana, 
Junif>erui  communis^ 
Pinits  maritimits, 
Ulmus  racemosa, 
Juniper  us  I'ii  ,^i>iiana, 
Berber  IS  Ciiiiadeusis, 
Acer  saccliarinum, 
Acer  platatwides, 
Cratccgus  oxyacantha, 
Acer  pseudo  plataiius, 
Tilia  Americana, 
Fraxiniis  excelsior, 
Fraxinus  sani/'ucifolia, 
Tilia  Europtea  grandifolia, 
Prunus  send  ilia, 
Nyssa  multiflora, 
Gleditschia  triacanllios, 
Acer  dascycarpum, 
Fagus  ferruginea, 
Fagus  sylraticd, 
J'iniis  pinea, 
Asimiiia  triloba, 
Gymnocladus  Canadensis^ 
Castanea  tcsco, 
Carya  alba, 
.Fsculus  glabra, 
.  Fsculus  hippocastauuin, 
Juglans  nigra, 
Juglans  cinerea. 


41 

in  a  U). 

10,656 

10,1  12 

9.858 

9,654 

9,184 

8,352 
8,321 
8,183 

7,488 

7.23' 
6,400 
6,386 

6,337 
5,824 
5.629 
5,563 
4-3" 
3.238 
2,496 
2,421 
1,050 
1,038 
513 
417 
177 
90 
78 

36 
26 

25 
»5 


14- 


42 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


I  Ji 


ABOUT  ADVERTISERS. 

As  I  am  constantly  in    receipt  of   letters   from  tree-planters,  inquiring 
where  they  can  obtain   farm   implements,  fruit  trees,  garden  seeds,  etc.,  and 
as  information  on  these  subjects  is  believed  to  be  of  general   interest  to  the 
patrons  of  this  book,  it  has  beer,  decided  to   admit  the  advertisements  of  a 
^^y^  of  the  most  reliable  and  successful  firms  in  the  different  lines  indicated. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  those  whose  advertisements   appear  in  this  book. 
They  are  all  old,-well  known  and  reliable  firms,  with  untarnished  reputations 
for    honesty    and    fair  dealing  with    their   customers.      In    writing    to    any 
of    these   firms,  you    will    confer    a  special    favor    by    mentioning    "  Forest 
Leaves. " 


Name  and  .Addre.ss  of  .A.lvertiser.  stock  Offered. 

EUwanger  &  Barry,  Rochester,  .\.  V.,     Nursery  Stock. 

-Millington,N.    |.,     Acme   Harrow. 
Waukfgan,  Ills.,        Windmills  and  lioats. 
Little  Silver,  N.  J,,   Nursery  Stock. 
Cincinnati,  ( ).,  Hough's  Elements  of  Forestry. 

'I'renton,  N.  J„         Saw-makers'  .Vnvils. 
I'eter  Henderson  iV-  Co.,  New  Vork,' N.  V..     Seeds. 
Cornish  c^-  Curtis,  Fort  .\tkinson,Wis.,  Churn. 

Easton,  I'enn.,  Hone  .Mills. 

Rochester,  N.   V.,     Seed.s. 

I'ittsburgh,  i>enn..    Farm  Mills  and  Corn  Shellers. 

S|)ringfield,  .Mass.,    Webster's   Dictionary. 

Sheldon,    Iowa,  Land. 

Smyrna,  Del.,  Land. 


Nash  I'v:  Brother, 
Powell  i\:  Douglas, 
John  T.  Lovett, 
Robert  Clarke  .'v:  Co., 
Fisher  &  Norris, 


Wilson  Bros., 
James   \'ick, 
Livingston  &  Co., 
('■■  &  C.  Merriam, 
Henry  S.  Iselin, 
A.  P.  Crirtith, 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


43 


MIXING  FOREST  TREES. 


i,  irKjiiiring 
s,  etc.,  and 
;rest  to  the 
merits  of  a 

indicated. 

this  book, 
epu tat  ions 
g  to  any 
;   "  I'orest 


l''orestiy. 


;hell 


ers. 


The  following,  by  C.  F.  Clarkson,  was  read  before  the  Iowa  State  Horti- 
cultural Society  at  its  annual  meeting  in  1877,  and  was  published  in  the 
Society's  volume  of  transactions  for  that  year  : 

There  are  vital  (juestions  to  be  considered  in  planting  groves.  It  is  i)rob- 
able  that  the  pioneers  and  advanced  men  in  grove  planting  in  our  state  have 
overlooked  one  important  matter.  In  trees,  grasses,  vegetables  and  grains, 
nature  inclines  to  variety,  and  they  are  all  so  constituted  that,  no  matter  how 
densely  crowded,  the  different  species  seldom  hybridize,  whilst  the  duferent 
varieties  of  t.,e  same  species  frequently  do.  It  has  been  found  only  m 
extreme  cases  that  different  species  hybridize,  but  in  no  case  do  the  different 
species  of  timbers,  grains  or  vegetables.  This  is  a  provision  in  nature  evi- 
dently for  a  greater  purpose,  that  of  a  better  growth  of  mixed  torestry. 

Lately,  some  of  the  best  farmers  contend  that  a  mixture  of  the  various 
varieties  of  wheat  produce   a  larger  .piantity  and  a  better  quality  of  grain 
per  acre.     But  all  hybrids,  whether  of  the  vegetable  or  animal  kingdom,  are 
sterile,  nature  thereby  providing  against  further  admixture  or  adulteration. 
In  Europe,  where  tree  i.lantinK  is  more  of  a   science,  and  to  wliich  our 
National  Horticultural  Society  proposes  sending  learned  men  to  lake  lessons 
in  tree  planting,  it   is  one  of   their   rules   not  to  confine  a  grove  to  any  one 
species-  but  the  greater  the  mixture,  the  better  the  success.     One  species  ot 
tree  obtains  from  the  soil  all  the  elements   suitable   for  its   growth,  while  it 
leaves  or  rejects  that  which  is  suitable  for  another  species.     The   difterent 
writers  upon  the  subject   have   not   settled  the   exact   reason  why  a  heavier 
growth  and  longer  life  were  guaranteed  to  trees  when  there  is  a  general  mix- 
ture of  the  species  of   forestry,  yet  experiment  and  observation  have  estab- 
lished ihe  fact. 

Prof  \u-hey,  of  Nebraska,  a  scientific  man  on  forestry,  strongly  urges 
the  vital  impo^tance  of  mixing  groves.  He  says  he  "  has  observed  many  ot 
the  exclusively  Cottonwood  groves  decay,  from  various  causes,  when  trom 
four  to  twenty  years  of  age."  This,  he  claims,  is  only  what  would  naturally 
be  expected  by  a  European  forester.  If  they  had  been  mingled  with  other 
trees,  such  as  maples,  walnuts,  box-elders  and  lindens,  it  would  probably 
have  preserved  them  intact,  besides  making  ihc.n  intrinsically  more  valu- 
able The  vast  forests  of  beech  in  Denmark  are  known  by  reput,.tion  the 
world  <,ver.  Years  ago  thev  showed  signs  of  rapid  decay,  and  the  authori- 
ties had  other  species  of  trees  planted  in  all  the  open  spaces,  such  as  as,.en. 
willow,  oak,  birch,  maple  and  fir.  and  Naupel  .oncedes  that  this  ,.robably 
saved  the  forests. 

\nd  the  forest  of  Kontainbleau,  the  (.)ueen's  most  valuable  timber  lands. 
and  the  one  of  all  her  vast  domains  which  shows  the  most  vigor  m  growth, 
is  a  mixture  of  all  the  species  suitable  to  that  climate.  Clave  speaks  ot  it  in 
his  report  as  follows :  "  (^aks  mingled  with  beeches,  in  due  proportion,  may 
arrive  at  the  a^e  of  i\.^  hundred  to  six  hundred  years  in  full  vigor,  and  attain 


I 

:4i 


44 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


d.mens.uns  wh.ch  I   have  never  seen   surpassed;    when,  ho.ever  thev   .re 
wholly  unnyxed  wth  other  trees,  they  begin  to  decay  and  die  a    'he   op 

Td  plant  itT^h  '°  '"'  "     ''  ^""  '"^"   '^^°"«^^^  ^«  -^-d-e  L  p 
and  plant  It  .n   the  vacancies  and   glades.     By  this   means  the   forest  w-,s 
ed  from  the  nun  which  threatened  it,  and  now  more  than   ten   t  ous  nd 

....:;r..t-\tr~i:x:,,rrr;t'  -•■  -  "■ 

neighbor;  ,he  Scotch  fir,  ,l,e  l.irch    n  d.h    S,         ,      ,        "    '    "  '  '"'  «""'' 
rianilj-  together-    the  „    •   ,1  ,      ,     '  '''"="""•  S™"'  -'erv  Ir.s.,. 

good  Lighbo,"'-      "  ""'•  ""  •='"■•  ""=  ''-"   -"-J   '"e   hornhean,   are  very 


* 


invariab.,.  f„,.o:  d  ,,  e  >' e^c  i'  'r!,''  ""  T"""'  "'  "'''''>'  "-V  l-  = 
various  ,,|,ecies  of  par  ,  t  „r'  ,?  ^i  '  "T"""'  '"'  ''"""'"■  "" 
Ind„«rial  University  a  .  r^  7'"'  °"'  ""  8'°""*  "f  "''  '"'""'^ 

in;..  re„„i.,io„  :::tf:  gLT::;:t;;::™;Lr  ";;„r,;r  ^™-'" 

<^l-.  European  larch,  white  ma,  le  Osa!    n  'f '  ''•'"''''  "^"^""^'  "'"''^"^ 

vhite  walnut,  white   nine    \'o  !  ^  ^^"'  '^"'"■'''"  P'"^'  Scotch  pine, 

noticed  parti^ul^  t  ^^^71;^"  '''' TT  '"*""^'  '^'^^  ^-■'^ '^^ 
'////A^/.).      It  is  a  tree  of  rar  iH  ?"  "^'  I-oml.ardy  poplar  (7^./.. 

as  shade  trees  a  o       .:  H^^  ',  ^;::;;:   '  ^    ^  '-"1'-'^  •^^'^l>tecl  to  heCsed 

-on  begins  to  fail  and  die  at  7  '!""'"  ''"'  """"  ^'^"^  '''-^'-^  '^ 
wl^en  it  is  mixed  with  L  .^^Sk  ^"'''  '"^"^  ^°°"  ^^^  ""-gluiy.  Hut 
.ts  health  and  green  ess  are  lonl  '"""'  '''"'  ""''  '^^^'^  ''^^  ^''^  '^ 
^ion  among  fr.  "t  grJ^^       bd  e^thr^r'"'''     ''    "  '^  '  '''''  ^'■^'-- 

--- ---stron^e^: ■:-.:- :;i;:^:--:-^  rt. 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


45 


And  others  contend  that  the  pine  (all  its  varieties)  throws  off  in  the  grove 
constantly  in  cold  weather  a  large  amount  of  warmth  or  caloric,  which  has  a 
favorable  influence  on  surrounding  trees  during  our  boreal  winters,  in  fact, 
it  is  contended  by  some  scientific  men  that  all  live  trees  have  this  influence, 
besides  the  protection  which  they  impart  as  wind-breaks.  And,  besides 
these  benefits,  some  medical  writers  claim  that  the  influence  of  the  turpen- 
tine in  i)ine  groves  is  highly  beneficial  to  the  health  of  the  human  race,  as 
well  as  to  animals  which  dwell  in  well  ventilated  pine  groves. 

Nearly  all  the  groves  in  Iowa,  unfortunately,  have  a  wearisome  same- 
ness. They  are  either  all  cottonwood,  soft  maple,  or  willow,  with  an  occa- 
sional highly  redeeming  exception  in  cases  of  walnut,  oak,  ash,  etc.  It  is 
sincerely  to  be  hoped  that  more  wisdom  will  be  exercised  in  the  future,  and 
that  the  lessons  of  the  Great  Teacher  will  be  heeded  in  having  groves  of  the 
greatest  possible  number  of  acceptable  varieties.  These  things  are  worthy 
of  further  demonstration  by  experiment,  especially  as  it  will  cost  nothing, 
but  will  add  largely  to  the  beauty  and  utility  of  our  groves. 


\    i 


46 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


»l 


THE  BLACK  Oil  YELLOW  LOCUST. 


Thefollowiri},'  fr 
of  Roslyn,  I,.  I.,  was 
estrv  Congress : 


lie  American  Jounml of  Forestry,  by  fohn  S.  Hicks, 
-d  at  the  Cincinnati  meeting  of  the  American   Vox. 


he  Locust  takes  its  common  name  from  a  resemblance  to  the  ancient 
locust  ma.nly  m  the  form  of  its  leaf,  "Roi.inia  Pseudacacia,"  from  its  h  n, 
mtroduced  mto  France  by  either  John  Robin,  gardener  t/.  Henr;  I^  of 
Tance,  or  .s  son  Vespasian,  about  ,60..  All  evidence  seems  to  poin't  to 
\  irg.nia  as  being  the  place  of  its  most  natural  growth. 

There   are  locust  trees  on  the  lawn  of  Daniel   iJogart,  at    Roslyn    I     I 
ha    were   brought   by  Capt.  Sands  from  N'irginK.  over  ^  hundred  ye'rs  Jo' 
.   tnk   t   ere  are     ut  two  kinds  of  .he   locust  generallv  known  :\he  b  '  k 
or  yellow  locust  and  the  white  locust.  ^   oiac  k 

The  white   locust,  the  bark  of  which   i.  much  smoother,  has  more  san 
wood,  and  t   e  heart  ,s  of  a  silvery  whiteness.     It  is  of  little  value       t     r  fo 
..reng  h  or  durab.hty,  and  I   think,  as  this  variety  is  more  easily  gro       ^^ 
.eed  than  the  yellow,  that  it  is  often  planted  by  mistake  for  that  tarietj 

The  yellow  locust  varies  much  in  different  localities  and  soils  some 
being  arer.n  color  than  others,  and  th.s  ,act  has  also,  undoubtld^'  ^ 
the  name  of  green  locust '•  to  a  variety  of  this  species.  The  yellow  locust 
js  he  only  one  of  value.  Though  it  occasionally  attains  the^  g^  o^^ 
fe  t  et.  beyond  40  or  50  feet,  the  growth  is  very  slow  and  unprofUab  e  It 
IS  better  to  cut  them  down  at  that  bight  and  plant  anew. 

The  young  trees   have  sharp  and  strong  prickles;   but  these  dis-inoear 
and  extend  ,„  a  great  dtlnce  '  '"     "  ""'"  "'  '"=  «""'""• 

tria  l'r;;t;:-ie2t  r.?,;;.:r'"'"v''',  ""•""  "'-"^  °'  '^- 


tht 


In  some  localities  attempt 


appearance  of  the  borers   th 


pts  were  made  to  introduce  it 


ey  abandoned  it,  although  it  oft 


s  growth;  but,  after 


en  survives 


FOREST  LEAVES. 

,    nfr  -ifter   the  borers  had   attacked  it,  the 
them,  and  sometimes,  wher,   cut  off  after 

second  growth  thrived  well.  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^,,,„ 

When  dry,  the  wood  weighs  ^rty-  o.r  po  "^  ^^^^^^  ^,  ,,,,,  ,.a  in 

places.  .  -  ,sts  and  beams  of  eel- 

.,,0  most  important  use  ^--^^^'j^ known  to  last  from  forty-  to 
I,,,,  or  sills  of  exposed  ^-'^^'"f  .^^  ,';;;;';,ows  of  posts,  not  over  three 
sixty  years  as  fence  posts;  and  the  Nvnter  ^^^^^^^,^  y^^. 

til  in  dimeter,  that  have  ^^X^^.^^...  to  .wenty  years 
,,ort  on  Forestry  mentions  '"f ""  ;^;j^  ^^^^,  ,,,,ed  from  five  to  ten  years, 
'i:  railroad  ties,  in  conditions  where  th-K  h  .^  ,,ed  very  exten- 

and  the   chestnut  from  s>x  to  e.ght  y--^'       ;         .^  preference  to  h.ckory. 
:::::,y  by  cama^e  builde^  and  ^^^:^,^  U  CUy,  are  usin,  u. 
Th  •  firm  of  I'.rewster  N:  U).,  ot   nr  J^ 
.„<,  „.„.,„g  .>.«.e,  „ric».  .11.™  f»  ■"■'^-V;  ^^,^  ^^^^^  ^,„  „,„„ 

,,,e  de,i....y  and  "SK"-'  »',;', f     „„,  ^f  i„  leave,,  ,«  difteren. 

,„„,  Cher,.  ..raWc,  its  i;-"™;  /  " I'.UrU.  Hsht  a„d  Bvacef.-l  folurse. 
character  of  i.s  r„>ish  ''•.'"-, ■""."  ;,,  leaflet,  are  arranged  .n  o,>|>o„.e 
tender  i.  a  tree  of  f.ecnl.ar  ""'V-     ;„^,  „  ,„e  „,„,„,ain  a,l,. 

always  green  and  luxuriant.  ^^^^^_     Tradition  says 

Us  .-hite  and  flagrant  A—^'f^;.^'!';  its  flowers  a  declaration 

t,e  American  Indian  made    .e  «;  -  ra^ncl  ^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^^  ,, 

of  love.     The  nightingale  and  other 

its  thorny  branches.  ^„  ^e  the  most 

^,     inches  in  diameter „ 

When  S  feet  long  and  4    i"ces  1^^         ^^  _^^ 

,1Z  1.0S.S  .*  feet  I.  -; -t:'::o  ;e:t:;- -  "^- 

eaclr.     ^".e  freewill  o'"", -", ,  X,    .  e  total  amount  »=.48  per  tree. 


48 


J'O REST  LEAVES. 


c  basis  of  60  <ciUs  per  <iil)ic 


no  m 


girth,  making  the  tree  worth  from  $5  to  $7  on  tl 

foot;  it  lias  sold  in  the  past  as  high  as  Sr.50  per  cubic  foot.     As  to  va 
other  iocalties.   Dr.  Warder  states  that  he  is  cutting  trees  having  a  growth 
of  24  years,  averaging    i.'  inches  in  diameter  and  60  feet  in   hight,  making 
eight   to  ten  gcod  fence  posts   seven    feet   in   lengtli.  witli  from   six    to  eight 


inches  face  at  tlie  top  end,  the  trees  stand 


ing  400 


to  tl 


le  acre. 


Mr.  Ezra  .Sherman,  of  V 


reston,  Ohio,  mentions  the  following  results  from 


locust  seed  jjlanted  in  1.S50:  'I'hree  years  after  sowing,  the  trees  were 
planted  in  a  grove  of  15  acres,  and  also  in  an  avenue  of  200  rods.  In  1S70, 
two-thirds  of  these  hr.t  were  cut.  They  furnished  180  trees,  1500  i)osts, 
worth  35  cents  each,  or  S525.  The  fifteen  acres  will  furnish  fencing  for  the 
farm  of  1500  acres  for  all  time.  The  pasture,  with  stakes  and  poles  for 
fenomg,  furnished  from  time  to  time,  will  pay  as  good  a  rate  of  interest  as 
i.ie  open  land  would. 

Mr.  Waldo  K.  jlrown,  of  Oxford,  Ohio,  states  that  the  i)lanting  of  locust 
trees  is  the  best  investment  a  young  man  can  make.  He  advises  that  the  seeds 
should  be  planted  in  rows— transplanted  into  rows  four  feet  apart  when  one 
yv.irold— and  when  large  enough  for  fence  stakes  and  bean  poles,  three-fourths 
of  them  should  be  cut  out,  leaving  them,  when  five  to  seven  years  old,  at  the 
distance  of  eight  feet  apart.  As  soon  as  the  trees  are  out  of  the  way  of 
cattle,  blue  grass  should  be  sown,  as  this  does  not  injure  tiie  trees,  and  grows 
well,  the  jiaslure  paying  interest  on  the  investment  after  five  years. 

As  the  trees  send  u|>  suckers  as  well  as  sprouts  from  the  stumps  and 
roots,  ;he  growth  is  always  increasing,  and  is  thicker  after  each  cutting. 

In  I'rance  it  is  much  grown  for  vine  supports,  and  is  sometimes  cut  everv 
four  years,  the  leaves  being  used  for  forage. 

In  1820,  premiums  were  offered  by  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  Promo- 
tion ot  Agriculture  for  the  promotion  of  its  growth  and  the  extirpation  of 
the  borer. 

The  iXnc  Ent^hind  Fanner  states  the  growth  to  be  300  to  600  posts  to 
the  acie,  worth  50  cents  each,  besides  the  growth  of  pasture,  and  that  the 
government  was  paying  75  cents  per  cubic  foot  at  that  time. 

'I  he  Acn'  \  ork  Cultivator  says  1:10  trees  will  grow  to  the  acre:  that 
trees  grown  jN  years  produce  two  to  four  posts  each,  and  that  trees  grown 
from  suckers,  or  shoots,  are  not  as  much  inclined  to  seed,  nor  do  the  borers 
alfect  them  as  severel)-. 

•Mr.  Allen  furnas,  of  D.mville,  Indiana,  states  thai  he  has  grown  the  black 
locust  over  twenty  years,  and  that  he  has  had  very  little  trouble  with  the 
borers;  that  it  grows  thriftily,  making  good  fence  posts  in  ten  or  twelve  vears. 
und  from  three  to  six  posts  in  eighteen  to  twenty  years.  It  grows  1000  to  the 
a.-re,  and  at  eighteen  years  the  trees  are  worth  75  cents  each.  The  timber 
will  last  an  average  of  35    years,  and  it  grows  well  on  poor  soil. 

In  the  years  of  1828  to  1.S3S,  Joseph  Hicks  planted,  at  Westbav,  Long 
Island,  on  each  side  of  the  highway  leading  through  his  farm,  lor  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile,  locust  trees  abo 


gathered 


al)out  eight  to  ten  leei  apart.      The  trees  we 


re 


rom   dillerent    pans  of  the   farm,  where   thev  h;i 


grown   up   Irom 


Pl.ATK    VI 


()  eight 


\^^S^^ 


s  iroiii 
>  were 
1  iSjo, 

])OStS, 

"or  the 

es  for 
■est  as 


locust 
seeds 
n  one 
3urlhs 
at  the 


and 


;\erv 


jnio- 
)n  of 


sts  to 
t  the 


lliat 


orers 


II  the 
years, 
o  I  lie 
mber 


It   a 
lere 


ironi 


:/: 


\  J-^i 


!/'  < 


V-       I 


1 


rS  '^v . 


"./!^ 


>v\ 


4. -HARD 
•,.  -  AM     W 


Y   catalpa 


HiTE    El-M 


-ROCK    hl.M 


the  roc 

little  e: 
that  th 
and  at 
and  an 
stood,  ; 
as  the  ( 

It 
statvS,  f 
where  ii 
the  bort 
rf)iigh  ti 
for  durii 
ing  an  a 
thrice  tl 
for  fores 


/■VA/;ST  I  EAVES. 

49 

m:;:::;:e:sr' wjr^;^:^;  ^^^-f  ?-  «--^'  ^-^  --  planted  .^.^. ,., 

thattl^gr      .„!,    ,        ;''-'"'r    "'^'  '"'^^^^-^"^^  cut  off,  and  it  was  found 

and  an  ab  nd  nt  ,  .wt  ,  f  "  "'7  "T'""'  '''''^"  '"  '^'^'  '^^'^'  ^"  ^"'— ' 
stood,  and  t  .Her  .f""  """'"'  ^"^  ^^■^'^  ^°'^  ^"^  ^^co  as  they 
as  thJ  nrst  crop.  '  '^""'"^'  '"  ^'^^'  '''•'- "^  "-'  --'  -  thriftily 

-tJM:^  r;'::;;:::;r^\f  r^'  "\"^"^'  r-^  '-^^"^  -'  -^-^ 

whpr,.  it  i,o  ;         "°"''  "'^'-'^'-   't  's  not  now  known.     In  some  places 

for  d„ra  ,iN,  ^'"*  ''"""'''  "'"  """'  "'"^''''^  "'  <""  '""h.r  trees 

fo     or       c  "'  >"""«  """■  »•'"'  ""•  ""  "«  "I  -ore  valne'  ..a,,  ,l,i. 


FOKEST  LEA  VES. 


\ 


A  TIMHKK  FAiMINE 

W'l  IIIIN  SkVKN   YeAKS  ok   TIIK,   KnU  ()!•    OUK    W'lim.    I'lNK   AND  Sl'RI(  K. 

I  From  the  ChiciiKO  Inter  Otcaii.J 

AUention  lias  frt'iiuently  l)cc'n  (tailed  to  tlu-  fact  that,  at  the  rate  at  whicli 
tlif  <lestnirtion  of  forests  is  goin^;  on  in  the  L'nited  States,  we  are  within 
seven  years  of  the  end  of  our  white  pine  and  spruce.  Our  northern  mills 
would  saw  up  every  standing  pine  in  (leorgia  or  Alali.mia  in  twelve  months, 
and  would  recpiire  Ini*  six  months  more  for  those  of  llorida,  or  either  of  the 
Carolinas,  Such  are  the  conclusions  of  experts  officially  representing  the 
Tnited  States  government  in  the  matter  of  forestry,  upon  data  furnished  by 
tlie  most  careful  measurements  of  the  forests  now  standing.  Three  hundred 
million  dollars'  worth  a  year  are  being  cut  in  the  norlhern  States  of  a  croj) 
which  nobody  is  planting,  and  which  jjrivate  individuals,  looking  to  imme- 
diate returns  for  the  support  of  their  families,  cannot  afford  to  plant.  No- 
thing but  life  insurance  companies  could  afford  to  plant  trees  and  wait  thirty 
years  for  a  crop,  'i'liey  might,  perhaps,  afford  to  enter  into  this  business  in 
order  to  even  up  the  advantage  they  sustain  over  other  kinds  of  business, 
from  the  fact  that  their  bills  receivable  mature  at  an  average  thirty  years 
earlier  than  their  bills  payable  on  the  same  transaction.  Hut  even  with  life 
insurance  comjianies  the  motive  would  have  to  be  |)hilanthroi)i( . 

Dr.  Franklin  15.  Hough,  chief  of  forestry  in  the  department  at  Washing- 
ton, estimates  that  in  iSyo  our  entire  area  of  woodlands  of  every  kind  was 
380,000,000  acres;  that  we  were  stripping  off  the  wood  from  10,000,000  acres 
annually,  and  were  planting  less  than  10,000  acres.  If  his  data  were  correct, 
the  area  of  wood  has  since  been  reduced  by  1  25,000,000  acres,  and  stands 
now  at  255,000,000  acres,  or  enough  to  last  25  years  longer. 

The  lumbermen  have  satisfactorily  shown  that  no  remedy  whatever  is  to 
be  found  in  checking  the  cutting  off  of  the  lumber,  even  if  there  were  power 
in  any  government  or  set  of  men  to  do  so.  They  show  that,  owing  to  the 
frequency  of  forest  fires,  lumber  that  is  r.ot  cut  is  sure  to  be  swept  over  by 
fire  every  few  years,  and  when  once  iuirned  over  it  must  be  cut  within  the 
following  year,  or  the  worms  destroy  it.  The  only  way  to  save  the  lumber 
actually  in  existence,  therefore,  and  exposed  to  certain  fires,  is  to  cut  it. 
Every  township  and  nearly  every  square  mile  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin 
containing  lumber  uncut  also  has  its  settler,  and  wherever  there  are  settlers 
there  are  fires. 

Canada  has  no  supply  whatever  greater  for  her  own  use  than  ours  is  in 
proportion  to  our  demand.  The  forests  of  Canada  will  inevitably  reach 
their  period  of  exhaustion  at  about  the  same  time  as  ours.  She  already 
imports  from  us  the  black  walnut,  which  she  needs  for  her  own  use  or  for 
export,  and  of  which  she  formerly  had  considerable  supplies. 

What,  then,  is  to  be  done.'  For  the  crisis  produced  in  1861-4  by  the 
failure  of  the  cotton  supply  was  not  worthy  to  be  called  even  a  hint  of  the 
crisis  of  disasters  that  would  result  from  a  failure  in  the  lumber  supply. 


fORF.ST  LEA  VES. 


5» 


.  U.  fust  two  of  which  present  merely  possible  paUiativcs. 
Three  courses,  the  tirsi  iwu  u. 
are  really  our  only  aUermUives; 

.  1  «  .  forced   sudden  and  total  sub- 

.jjrj:rr==--.;,t.„ .-  ^ 

houses  of  paper.     Oi, 

t  take  ct'ticient  peremp- 
,      -l-he  government  o(  .he  Unile.l  S.a.«  »    -  .^^^^^^  ,^„  ,,,,„,. 

„,y  „ea.nre'  ei,..o,  of  eocU.n  "'  -  ^       ',^':    ,„  .,me  pine,  of  at  »^»»< 
„„\ncl  relcKn.ion  to  fore.t  .roe,    ■  ',:'„„,;,,  „e  are  now  dentuhnfi. 

,„„„o,«oo  a..c»  pet  year.  e,pnv.,l     t     ,  .1     ^  ^^,^  ^,^^  ,, 

■phe  .eeond  al..rna<.»=  """'';"",„  „l,ich  wood  and  straw  p.  1  ■ 

,„.  continued  .:l,ca,.en,ne  tn  "»-■     '  ^^  \/,„„,  ,l,i„ss   »'-"  »,'',  ".'l''"-" 

,,ve  been  api.Ued  to  tl.c  manafa;  tare  ol  "^  >       ^^  ,,„„  „„al,le  .t  per- 

;::,„a  ,.v  it,c„  tneans  of  -^'"^^^^tL  .'  one  o.  the  eontingencte, 

t;  r"a«,     rl  .overntnent  and  peop  e  »     th^  Un       ^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^„^ 

^     „  were  Congress  ready  to  l'»-;>;^'  ;;',,,  ,„„ul  R  one  of  t.re  n,o 
Le.tr,  co.,,,..oneo„fd.ra,n...;U>«_^^.^  ^,,,^„  ,„^,,  ,„„   ,,3  ever 

difficult,  though  by   tar 
attempted  to  grapple- 


52 


FOKEST  LEA  VES. 


POKESTUY  IN  MICHIGAN  _OlITLOOK  ANJ> 
SUGGESTIONS. 

Hv  P.o.Kss„K  X-.  M.  S,...o,xc,  Ann  Ahhok,  M.ch. 

IFrom  the  American  Journal  „f  Forestry.] 

have  been  in  our  prosperUy.      1     ord  L    n'  "I        "  '''"^"^'  "^^  ^^"^^ 

state,  already  marketed,  is  largely  i         c  es    of^S  '"''""'^  °'  "^'^ 

product  of  a  single  year,  .87,'an'ounted  LToToT^^'"''^  T^  ''^  "■"'^■' 
per  cent,  of  the  total  value  of  the  n.tur.  nroH  ?  V  ?'  °''  '"'°"'  ^'^'''-'yfive 
Michigan  produces   more   salt   H.        'nv  oH  ''^'  '^'''^^  '°^  *'^^^  >-^"- 

brine  is  evaporated  hy  means    f    Is    f  o       hi  ''^"\  '"  '"  '^"'°"'  ^"^  ^'- 
•ty  of  Saginaw  and  other  lumbering    ow"  '"     r"""'"'^  '"  ''^  "■'^'■"- 

production  of  iron,  and  the   bias     furn!  r  r      "    ''  '''°"''  '^"^^  '"  ^'^^ 

--ber  of  other  p  aces,  dra  v  n^  h""  °'  ^""'°"'  ^^"^  l^^I-'^-  and  a 
tion  from  the  grea't  hard  woo "  e's  i  l  7'''''-  ^'^^^'^^^^  ^^  '^^  -^uc 
these  forests  are  sent  to  the  ends  o  "  .  Z^ rT\  .'""  '""'"^'^  °^ 
of  the  Atlantic  cities  and  of  the  (Id  U'    ,  "''  °^  ''^'  ''""^   '"'"^er 

Threshing  machines  m.-de  in  Batt      r      I     '°"'"  ^■"""^  ^^'"'^''S''^"  P'"*^'-'^^. 

Australia,  and   farming   imir;':rn-r  ^'.^  ^V'""' "'"^^'^^  ^"^ 
re.pnnng  wood  in  their  manufactur^  "rniture    and   a   long  i,st   of  articles 

from  it,  their  manufactureTsour- of  '"""  ''''  '''''   '^"^    ^-^P^'-ted 

and  their  sale  a  steady  s^r^of  irlu^Tt^rst!;  "^  '''''''''  "' ^  ''-'^'- 
rapic^d;:a;r^:7^;;;^-^^;;--ynown   ^ct  that  our  n,rests  are 

one,  show  that  the  estimated       o"  "'  '"^""'  "  "^^'^'^^  ^°  -'-X 

in  Michigan,  May  31,  .sl     ^"7.      /fi    '"".f/^"^^^''-'  P'-  f-ber  standing 

rate  of  consumpfionlfive  b  ,io,     0/ f  T  "'  '"'•     ^"   °"^  P"""-^ 

to  use  up  our  pine  forests'  ''  annually-it  will  take  seven  years 

t-ice  as  long  as  has  been  eTtLa  ed        '    ,"'        T'''  ''''  ""  "'-  -'"  '-' 
-- years  this  great  so:r;t;'::S  :;;!';:----'P-  ^ 

\\  hat  are  we  doing  in  view  of  these  facts  '    \\- .    " 
•sh.ng  energy  and  m.proved  machinery  to        ste     t'helT'"  k""  "''  '''''" 
can  do  so  is  trying  to  get  a  r^iere  of  ,     '","''y^"  "'e  end.      Kvory  man  who 

they  are  gone,  and  our^wn":,,;,-'''""-^^^""^''^  °^  '"^^^  '-'"- 
planning  the  speedy  destruct  "'o't  e  'i^'T''' T""  ""^^""  '"''^''^^''^^  -^ 
lands  have  been  str  pped      Th         w  ""^  '"■"'-"'^  '"^  ^°""  ^^^  ^'^'-'  P'"e 

^.Pon  us  are  not  se'nla'ona,  ^  Tl^'teir  'rV''''' ''^^  ^'^^^ 
squandered  with  reckless   haste  th.     i      ^  '"   "'"  ''"""^-     ^^''^  have 

«ate   was  endowed,  and     ^1 '".  t^"'^^"'  fcrest-w.,.lth  with  which   the 


cnaoucd,  and,  besides  all   th 


's,  time  and   again   forest   fi 


ucl 
res,  that 


I 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


S3 


n^iuht  have  been  prevented,  have  swept  over  fair  portions  of  the  common- 
weal^, carrying  swift  destruction  with  them,  and  completing  the  work  that 
the  ax  had  begun. 

In  the  study  of  this  subject,  then,  we  may  as  well  turn  our  a"enUon  a 
once  to  the  forests  of  the  future,  for  it  is  evident  that  those  of  the  presen 
w  11  be  g     e  in  a  few  years.     Our  own  legitimate  wants  -d  the  great  pro 
oi  the  lumber  trade  have  already  settled  the  quest.on  for  M.ch.gan.     If  .e 
wan    forests  we  must  make  them.     Without  repeating  the  arguments  that 
Lvebeen  gi^en  so  fully  by  others,  I  shall  assume,  what  is  ^dmUted  by  every 
one  wl"  1-    ever  bestowed  serious  thought  upon  the  subject,  that  the  h>gh  st 
one  who  has  e  establishment   and   continued   mamte- 

ri^of"      uLme^r^orUon  of  woodland.     It  may  be  -sumed,  too  that 
Tdue  time  both  government  and  people,  moved  by  nece.Uy  :   by  no     g 

influence  will  unite  in  a   settled  purpose  to  secure  this.     As  soon        tms 

Ini  ude  is     ken  by  the  people  of  the  state,  and  we  are  ready  to  enter  upon 
r:o:k'orrefores\in,:e  Lu  And  ourselves  face  to  ^^^^^ jUh  v.-ous  d,^- 

cult   practical   problems.      Some  of  us,  perhaps,  may  lender  a  service   b> 

studying  these  problems  now,  viz.: 

First      What  parts  of  the  state,  and  what  proportion  of  its  area,  should 

V  A  w  th   orests'     Economists  estimate  about  twenty-five  per  cent. 

':  :°s:^:abl  on  ^;  b'  :;.is  vanes  with  the  position  physical  character 

as  a  suitable  pr  I  ^^^jgr  consideration.      1  he 

S:at::rMi:  onti:s\:^^    areas  that  are  worthless  for  any  other  pur- 

'r  than  raising  timber,  and  st.U  more  extended  -«- jliat   •    no  o- 

:;r;^tion   with  us  is,-w.in   the   mo.  .lec^pi^.^^  ^e 

"'    H  on  to  fresh    pois  leaving  behind  him  an  inextricable,  confused  mass 

"°"'w:,.:r"  i:«ood  »„  »  be  fcn.  in  .,™  region  „,uch  of  i.  is  U.h. 
and  "  ,  .U0BeU,e,  nn.,  fo,  farming  .•»n.o-^-;;J>- -;.<>-   4' 

been  a  source  of^l--  -";;'-;^  ^^^^^  ,„,„  „,,,  „p„„  „„  ,.,e„.ion, 

Another  ,>or,  on  "^  '     '^f  ;  ";„,^,„  „„,  „,  ,,.ke  Mich.gan,  sand 

tZ  ::;rpre::se,;"„'.a"r  in  .beir  nau.re,  .bo..„  or  .ess  e«e„.  .ban 


54 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


hibit  and  prevent  the  cleaHng  waj  of  tr^JorJ^  ^°.  ^'^"'"'^'^  P^ 
such  lands,  and    to   encount   hJ        ''^^':  °V^^"  ^^^s^ive  pasturage  of 

The  farming  land^n  the^  .  L  n^Tr!!^:; t  "r"%^'^^'  T^^^^'^"^- 
a  fair  proportion  of  woodland  for  fue  2  si  e  t.r  '^Zl""''  '''  '''''' 
these  farms  would  be  rendered  nuch  more  ',  "  ^''''  '"'J^^''^'  °'" 

cious  planting  of  trees     .nHHM      u  "'^''  '"  "  ^^^^  ^^^  ^X  i"di- 

wooded  over  Lge   "eas'  al  ead    ,  ""   ''"""""^'  ^'^°"^'^  ^•'"  ^-vily 

ped  of  their  oests  and  tilt'  T  "'"T'  "^""^  '''''  ""'''  ^^^^  ^'-1- 
L  any  other  p:orv^^LTsaf:/""'/°.  ''""  ^^'^^^^^  ^°^  ^'^  ^^in 
Michigan  requires  fuliv  a  J  .  enf  ^  '  '"^  "^''  ''^"'^°''^'  *'^^'  ^"e  State  of 
area  to  be  k^pt t  tL    .rthan'l      T^  ''''•  '  g-ter.  proportion  of  its 

co..tries;  ^^  o.j::^::;^^- iz:^^::^^:  :::r^\^^  r- 

rather  than  less,  may  properly  be  covered  with  timber!  "  ^'^^'^ 

Second.     What  kinds  of  trees  shall  we  niant '     Tn  .nc 
we  must  k„o»  something  abo„,  ,he  di  J  „    ;ecUs  of     ":     1'  "T": 
climate  to  which  thev  are  n^5,nf„^  ^    .       ,  •  ,   ',    '^^  °'   ^'^es,  the  soil  and 

»h„„„  ,ha>  (here  is  any  such  unvarying  order  or "ucce"",^        o'      h 

:s;re::;tertt,t:„:T,:ifr'i"-^^^^^^^^^ 

erry  trees  sprmg  up  on   our  wasted  pine  lands  is,  that  the 


" 


HI  . 


" 


il? 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


55 


•   A  ^nrl  bv  the  birds,  and 
..of  these   species  are  carried  there  by  the  w-d  and ^ 
seeds  of  these     P  ^^^^  ^^j^^^  ^„d  better  t  ^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

there  is  no  doubt  wna  ^^^^  ^^  pi,.,t  trees 

given  without  hesit^      ^i^/^^.er  the  state  again^    It  may  ^^^^^  ^^.^^^ 

p,„e,b«n,  ,.o-y  „^,,  "''""^Ti.^^^Ud  B»d  congenial  so.l 

mentioned    »  'I'  ,  '^  ,,y,it,  of  i.s  "ml^er,  »"'»  ^  ^a  'luceLtnlly  con- 
larcli,  famous  tor  the  a  ,,^  „„|y  tree   tliat  h»'^         „erhaps,  be 

r fvlaUe  .i-a„  an,  o.ber  on  our  .and^^^une.  _^^  , 

whicl,  specimens  a  foot  »"^  'j""^  ,„,  h.rdiness  *">"6l'°»  ^    „,  <„w„ 

rrra^rl^e-V.  ma,  .=  s^^^^^^^^^^^^  and  .iU  ba. 

-=Tnatepa?:--  _     _,   ^  „,  .„^,  ,  ,,,. 

.Mrd.  .amitti„..a.---rir::rerwraf  r;.  ■->- 

,,„sho„.dbeunderta^t.ao-^^^^„,,,, 

securing  ll"s  and  of  .nsur    g  ^^^^._^^  ^^^^^^_ 

,     ■  .,„„e  of  the  state  may  promote  ,    (^m  taxation. 

,.  The  legislature  ol  ii  exemption  of  P'cpc"!  „,  ,he 

agement  to  tree  P'»"""f^;  ;„ta   ts  P'-""'  <"'""''  '   wlu    ta"  e  laws  on 
As  to  the  form  of  "S'^''  '^  ^^,  „|„able  suggest.ons.     Of  all  s.  ^^^^ 

-••'"\°^:fo":;et;i:"nT^-  have  come  to  "J;--- *:1,1  that  nor 
the  subject  of  tree  ^,^^  p„,p„,e.     1  he  la     V  ^^^^^^ 

seemed  pre-em.nent  y  "J'P         ^  ^„a  cultivated  for  »'"''"""  .„  ,  „e,lthy 
.very  acre  of  tores.  "«"  J^^  ,  that,  twelve  fee.  apart  and  kep.  tn 

-^-:;:^:Hr:^tr-nr-fS^ 

„..Xr^^:r:^n„n.hesu.«^ 

of  Iowa  has  this  very  exceUen^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^''""^^  '    Lding  to  their 

"Forestry  Manua',    an  unv- 


I 


S6 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


with  valuable  information  and  practical  hints  on  the  subject  of  tree-planting 
and  distributed  gratuitously  among  the  farmers  of  the  state. 

2.  The  state  ought  also  to  be  establishing  facts  upon  which  to  base  the 
future  management  of  the  great  work  of  reforesting  its  waste  lands.  Two 
or  three  experimental  stations,  located  in  as  many  parts  of  the  state,  where 
trees  of  all  sorts,  both  native  and  foreign,  can  be  cultivated,  and  the  results 
recorded,  would  enable  us  in  a  few  years  to  demonstrate  the  usefulness  of 
some  kinds,  and  the  unfitness  of  others  for  general  cultivation.  Meteoro- 
logical observations  carried  on  at  these  stations  would  give  data  for  the  solu- 
tion of  the  difficult  but  important  questions  relating  to  the  climatic  effects 
ot  forests. 

3-  Very  much  depends  upon  the  railroad  companies.     Owning  as  they 
do  in  the  state  of  Michigan,  lines  aggregating  over  four  thousand  miles  in 
length,  with  large  grants  of  valuable  land,  they  control,  in  a  very  great  mea- 
siire  tlie  agricultural  and  commercial  interests  of  large  areas  of  the  state 
1  he  Detroit,  Mackinac  and  Mar(|uette  Railroad  alone  owns  over  one  million 
three  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land,  and  the  Flint  and  Pere  Marmiette 
the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana,  and  other  roads,  are  possessed  of  large  tracts 
of  both  farming  and  timber  lands.     An  abundant  supply  of  wood  for  ties 
and  manufacturing  purposes  is  a  prime  necessity  of  all  these  lines,  and  mav 
be  secured   by  the  prompt  adoption  of  a  liberal  and  enlightened  policy  in 
maintaining  or  restoring  a  suitable  amount  of  forest  on  their  lands.    A  number 
of  western  railroads,  though  obliged  to  contend  with  great  natural  disadvan- 
tages,  have  taken  hold  of  this  work  with  great  enthusiasm,  and  several  of 
them  are  now  employing  paid  foresters  to  direct  the  work  of  raising  and 
caring  for  forests  along  their  lines. 

4.  The  farmers  of  the  state  have  very  much  to  do  with  the  future  of  our 
forests,  and,  unfortunately,  they  have  not  yet,  as  a  rule,  taken  a  practical  inter- 
est in  maintaining  or  restoring  them.  There  is,  however,  no  class  more 
ready  to  enter  into  undertakings  that  promise  to  be  productive  of  good  and 
none  more  accustomed  to  overcome  difficulties.  When  the  farmers  of  Michi 
gan  are  once  possessed  of  the  conviction  that  trees  are  often  far  more  valu- 
able than  any  other  crop,  and  that  they  render  the  farm  more  productive  and 
worth  more  per  acre,  trees  will  be  planted. 

5-  A  few,  at  least,  of  the  educational  institutions  of  the  state  can  do  an 
important  work  by  giving  forestry  an  honorable  place  among  the  subjects  of 
their  respective  courses  of  study.  Wli^ther  there  is  as  yet  a  science  of  for- 
estry m  the  United  States  or  not,  there  will  be  before  long,  and  intelligent  and 
interested  action  on  the  part  of  such  institutions  will  aid  greatly  in  estab 
lishing  the  science,  and  in  gaining  for  it  the  confidence  and  encouragement  of 
both  government  and  people.  A  beginning  of  this  kind  has  been  made  at 
the  L  niversity  of  Michigan,  in  connection  with  the  school  of  political  sci- 
ence recently  established  there,  and  the  lectures  on  forestrv  are  attended  bv 
a  class  of  about  fifty.  '  "  ^ 


iar 
its 
an 
ke 
th 

Sli 

lis 


<    > 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


57 


6.  The  general  government  st.U  owns  --t  .n  o  e.  a  ..  n^-^^^^^^^ 
land  in  Michigan,  and  the  state  government  ^-y'^X/t,  rate  of  a  dollar 
its  control.  If,  instead  of  throwmg  th.s  -^^  ^  ^  J^f  ^  %  ,,eans  still  be 
and  a  quarter  per  acre,  any  considerable  P-'-^^e  state  government,  and 
kept  in  permanent  forests,  under  the  conuol  of  e-^^  ^^  ^^^^  .^^^^ 
this  control  be  exercised  wisely  and  for  the  p^ioii    ^  ^^  ^^,^^. 

state  forests  in  the  Old  World,  forestry  m  Michigan  ^^ould 
lished  fact. 


•1 


*    > 


S8 


FOREST  LEA  VES. 


THE  MIC  HIGAN  LAW  FOK  TBEE-PLANTING  BY 

ROADSIDES. 

"CHAPTER  X.       SHADE  TREES  AND  WATKR.NO   TROUGHS  ,N  H.OH.VAVS. 

"Section  i.  Shade  trees  shall  be  planted  along  both  sides  of  the  nnhl.V 
highways  at  the  uniform  distance,  as  near  us  may  be,  of  sixty  fee  aoart  an^ 
not  ess  than  twenty-three  nor  more  than  tweny-f.ve  feet  "om.  ^e  1";  ine 
o  the  h.ghway;  but  the  township  board  of  any  townsi.ip  may  di'Ict  a  to 
the  d,stance  wh.ch  trees  may  be  set  from  each  other  or  Lm  the  ou  er  ine 
o      he  h.ghway.     All  trees  now  growing  upon  the  sides  of  any  higln    y       d 

apart  shall  be  preserved,  and  shall  not  be  injured  or  removed  unless  bv 
d.rect.on  of  the  commissioner  of  highways,  and  with  the  contn  o  the 
owner  of  the  adjo.ning  land,  unless  such  trees  shall  interfere  with  or  obs  r  t 
the  travel  on  the  h.ghway :  Provided,  That  the  provisions  of  this  ch  atr 
m  who  e  or  „.  part,  shall  not  be  deemed  mandatory  i„  township  i:  I 
the  electors  may  by  vote  at  a  township  meeting  thus  determine. 

'.rnn  "?''■  ''  '^"^  ^"■'°"'  '"''"''"^  '^""^^  '''''  ^'°"g  ^'^^  highway  adjacent  to 
prop  rty  owned  or  occupied  by  such  person,  shall  be  entitled  to  be  c  edi  ed 

I ceeT ::,""  r?°:  ^'^  ''"T'-''^  '°^ '''''  '''^  ^°  p'^^"-'^-  ^-  -' ' 

!nv  one  yean   ''''  "^'"'^^  '''  ""''  °'  ^"^'^  P^^-"'«  '^'ghway  tax  in 

"Sec  3  In  road-districts,  where  there  are  not  trees  planted  and  crowino 
along  the  h.ghways  to  the  extent  required  by  the  first  section  of  t  s  c  latter 
the  comm.ss.oner  shall  require  that  at  least  fifty  trees  per  year  be  so  n  anted 
m  each  d.str.ct,  and  shall  require  the  same  from  year  to  year  until  evrv 
highway  ,n  his  township,  where  the  adjoining  lands'a.e  elred!  s  s  pp  ed 
w.th  shade  trees  as  contemplated  by  said  first  section,  but  no  Ire  ta 
twenty.five  per  cent,  of  the  highway  tax  shall  be  appropriated  for  such  pur 
pose  .„  any  one  district  in  any  one  year.     The  overseer,  acting  LeVthe 

way  tax  of  any  person  m  any  year   to  be  paid   in   money,  the  same   to  be 

such  person.  The  overseer  shall  particularly  attend  to  the  planting  of  such 
trees,  and  shall  allow  no  unsuitable  tree,  nor  any  tree  wanting  sufficfent  root 
or  vitality  to  be  planted,  and  he  shall  have  the  charge  of  and  car  fir  the 
same  in  the  best  manner  for  their  growth. 

in^-tronth/h  "^"^  ^°™"^'^^'°"^'-  '"^X  ""se  to  be  constructed  suitable  water- 
ing-troughs, basins,  or  fountains  by  the  roadside  for  the  refreshment  of  per- 
sons and  animals  passing  .pon  the  highway,  not  to  exceed  one  ^  n/e  one 
of  the  more  important  roads  in  each  road-district,  and  may  contract  therefor 
with  some  suitable  person  in  each  such  district,  and  may  credit  on  the  hS- 

fTr  t  fe  erection  T"\"  ""  "°'  '''^''""^  ''''  '""'^^^  '"  ^^^  consideratL 
for  the  erection  of  such  watering-troughs,  basin  or  fountain,  and  supplying 

^e  same  with  water  for  the  first  ye.r,  .nd  five  dollars  annually  th'   .^ 

for  keepmg  m  repair  and  supplying  the  same  with  water." 


m 


ff\ 


f  > 


FOREST  LEAVES. 


5!> 


111 


i\\ 


"f      > 


**THE  MILLS  OF  WEST  FORK," 

From   a  paper  communicated  at   the  Montreal  Meeting  of    the  American 
Forestry  Congress  by  Mr.  J.  Jenkins,  of  Winona,  Colum'b  iana  county      i," 
After  locat.ng  the  "  VVest  Fork  "  as  a  tributary  of  the  Beaver  nVer,  a    ra  d 
of  the  Oh.o,  he  thus  describes  its  present  appearance : 

"Looking  down  the  valley,  you  may  trace  a  stream  winding  like  a  silver 
thread  through  the  green  meadows,  with  here  and  there  an  unused  mill  its 
great  wheel  standmg  motionless,  that  used  to  turn  in  the  l.ughing  foam  Lnd 
spr.y  .n  the  once  abundant  flow  of  the  waters  of  West  Fork.  Turning  ta 
he  northward,  where  the  diminished  stream  comes  tumbling  down  between 
the  abrupt  h.lls.  denuded  and  bare  now,  a  visitor  of  twenty  ytars  back  wou  d 
scarcely  recognize  th.s  as  he  same  stream  or  the  same  valley  that  he  then 
knew  and  loved  Worn  th .- retired  forest  dells  in  that  decade  the  feeding 
n  Is  from  many  a  bubbling  spring  joined  West  Fork  and  poured  their  treasures 
of  moisture  into  its  receptive  bosom. 

h.  v//°!'  ''""^^^'  ''"?  ''"''  •'''"  ""'''  °^^'  "^^"y  °f  '^''^  ^""--^es  of  supply 
have  dried  up  The  trickling  flow  from  others  is  evaporated  before  relih' 
mg  the  foot-hills,  and  this  paltry  stream  alone  is  left  instead  of  the  broad 
acres  of  water  in  successive  mill-dams  that  used  to  sleep,  catching  the  sun- 
shine and  shadow  between  the  wooded  hills. 

"  Let  us  now  consider  what  has  been  gained  and  what  lost  by  the  whole- 
sale destruction  of  the  woods  at  the  sources  of  West  Fork. 

"We  have  gained  to  agriculture,  for  pasturage  and  for'cultivation,  a  large 
area  of  fertile  land  in  the  emptied  basins  of  the  old  reservoirs  and  mill-dams 
We  have  gained  pastures  and  farming  lands  on   the   hills.     We  have  gained 
m  the  aggregate  productions  of  the   region   and  in  population  by  extending 
the  cleared  land.  ^ 

.^.  "^»  the  other  hand,  we  have  subjected  ourselves  to  cloud-bursts  on 
the  naked  hills  which  once  drank  in  the  descending  floods  in  the  porous 
woodland  soil,  but  now  the  solid  compact  hill-sides  throw  off  the  floods  into 
the  valley  at  times  an  irresistible  torrent,  carrying  destruction  and  death  in 
Its  course.  We  have  lost  in  the  destruction  of  untold  millions  of  feet  of 
lumber  sold  at  prices  low  compared  with  present  rates,  with  vast  amounts 
of  wood  recklessly  destroyed ;  and  when  we  consider  also  the  fact  that  as  a. 
result  of  our  interference  with  the  restorative  operations  of  nature,  we  have 
stamped  out  all  prospect  of  the  renewal  of  the  forest  growths  by  close  pastur- 
ing and  continuous  plowing,  it  is  indeed  a  question  whether  we  have  not  lost 
instead  of  having  gained  by  the  change. 

"  Not  that  we  would  regain  all  the  lands  in  woods  again,  were  it  in  our 
power:  but  by  judicious  replanting  of  the  waste  lands  where  the  woods  have 
been  destroyed.,  the  steep  and  rocky  hillsides  and  ravines  that  possess  but 
little  value  for  agriculture,  we  might  establish   the   happy  equilibrium   pre- 


€o 


FOREST  LEA  I -ES. 


ciou:  •:::  :X:;Jz::';''.:L";;T,:r;/ --  ^■"-■:  --= » i-i- 

the  spring,  »„d  water.co„„c,  T  .he  ,i'  ","„'',  I"""™"""  l-y  ^^I'adii'g 
enable  „s  ,„  ,„i|i,e  and  rrdL„    r.  ,  '    '  """  "'  "  '«<!"»■  would 

Kee,.  „„  ,„e  V'o^X^lr:!:^^^:'^'  "r\""  """'"'°"  ' 
measure  greater  riniforniirv  „f     ,      "'""'^  '"^  ""'Se  which  preserves  in  a 

<in>e,  and  for  all    i  ne  .     'and  ,  '     '""""'  '■""  """""■  "'■'"  •■"'  "- 

ing  a  rapidi,.  incr  :   ig  eapi  al  ^7""™""  ""''  """"''''''  "'"  >"  yW^"- 
of  limber.     .     .     .     ^      '""''*"''«  P''>'"'g  """Inient  in  the  production 

<>.er'.'h?:irontt''Z.''"    ™"'''  "'  "™'"^   ^"'"'™'  ""=  ''-'"-S 
'■  ™os=  rui„%  of  a  past  decade  are  standing  like  sentinels  in  the  t»iligh, 

"nntindfu,  of  its  Lnrer  g.^.^hat  ,Itd":.:;ti.t  ZZj"-  "'"  '" 

.ion.  ,erfe::'r:  t::z^^:,^^\r"T  ""--^-^  =''"^- 

"est  Fork,  and  continued  „egle«  ""  thei       "'°''^'  "°"'"'  ""  "'""''  "' 
"P  .^e  strean,,  and  the  fertile  L^l^/Lr  Z^:':j-:Z:Z-°'"  '" 


rf 


^ 


; 


AD  VER  TJSEM/iJVTS. 


f 


«f 


n^ 


) 


6s 


SPRING  PIANTINR  > >' >  i">^K"»t hmhoh 
ELLVyAMGER  &  BARRY.  V.aT4"' 


FOREST  LHVES. 


HowWeTesfSeeds.l 

Jsoiinl  sii]ii.TVisi,,ii,,tl'|-  1  |.|<  llI'VriKWiii.fJ  V      '  i.     I 

I  ,^s '^"[n;.:',  "!■"•;',"•""•«  <v.r'i-y.at"'iV,,'J^:,;,';'.;!r,'  ,"«v,^,^ 

I  n  ,  ,  ll'i^  Mill,  It  will  he  seen  tliiil  « J.  ..rt-  iila. V,      , 

PETER  HENDERSON  &  CO., 

5  &  37  Cortlandt  St.,   New  York. 


WEBSTER'S 

UNABRIDGED. 

InSheop,  Russia  and  Turkey  BinclinQS. 

Utest  Edition  has  118,6oOWords, 

.       and  3000  Engravings, 

I  u.iMK  .-JOOO  ni,,,.,.  wnnls  un,|  n-nilv  ti.n..  (i„,oM 
the  I111111I..T  ,.t  ^iiKi-iUints  iMHiiv'ntli,.,-.\i,K.n- 

•■Mll    lllctlullaiy.)       It.Mls.M-nHlilill^H 

°*?^:!?!^*?*l..D*'r**«'»ary,  Kivin.  .,ri,.r 


This  Second  Edition  of  Forest 
Leaves,  issued  in  February,  1884, 
consists  of  ten  thousand  copies,  which 
will  be  sold  for  50  cents  each,  and 
sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of  price, 

W.W.JOHNSON, 

the  author  and  publisher,  is  a  seedling 
nurserynnan  of  many  years'  experience. 
He  has  no  secrets  to  sell  and  does  not 
hesitate  to  tell   what   he  knows  about 

trees  in  a  plain  and  practical  way. 
The   next  edition  will  be  published 

as  soon   as    possible   after  this  one  is 


sold  out,  and   will    contain    much    ad- 


ditional information  on  the  subject  of 
forestry,  and  a  liberal    number  of  en- 


liographloal  Dictionary,  V-ivinu-  i.nM     '  '''''ely  new  colored  plates  prepared  ex- 
ilxHluiit  laces  coiiwruing  0700  Noted  Persons.      i  h^cpapcuex 


'     pressly  for  that  edition. 

j  ADVERTISERS 

wishing  to  secure  space   in  the   next 
edition   will    be   furnished  with  partic- 
;   ulars  as  to  terms,  etc.,  on  application. 
No  patent  medicines  or  other  hum- 
bugs need  apply, 

VV.   VV.   JOHNSON, 

Snowflake,    Antrim  Co.,   Mich. 


Oil  page  llfi4  soo  (he   iili..v.>   pi, •air.'  dI' SHU' 

Mil. I  iiMiii."^  nftlin  •>.-,  .S.VILS,— ..liowillg  tlic 

value  of  Wi'l.^tPi--.-*  iiiiiiii.i-.ins 

Illustrated  Definitions. 

II  is  «Iio  I.psf  i>ia<;fi<al  KiisUsU  nictioiiii. 

_<'xtanr.     ; ;„„  r,.,,,,,/,  ,,„  ;,■,,■,.»■. 

II  IS  an  <-ver.i)r..seiit  and  reliable  Htlniol 

niiiHt.i-  to  llio  H  hole  faiuilv S.  >i.  Ilaal.t 

G.4C.  IVIERRI.HIVI*CO.,l'irr.'i-s,Sprinpn.'ld  M,-.' 


6a 


AD  I'ER  TISEMFNTS. 


ACME"  PULVERIZING  HARROW 

CLOD  CRUSHER  &  LEVELER.         ' 


TiM.  JiMliclons  us. 

II 


A  1,1,  AfiltKK  THAT 

<»r  an  iiii|»l4>in<>iit   liko  (Ii(> 


INilvorixlii).' 


- '"';";'   '-"""'«^   ^^'-»«»"  «ruiu,  will    l,M...„,o   „.o 

.vl«'I<l   Mo...   r>   (o    to    DollarN  ,„.,•  aire." 

.fG^.>7-.s  n-LVTED  i.v  r.vorrui'rED  teruitory. 


'»^4?S>iS«w*-Ow.ci 


■5>-.t%;..,-..  .-'V' 


lumps,  '-■veHnK,,ffthe«rom,,la„d,l.,rnu«hfv,,„Ue;iz.„^,V        ,    "'  """';"'""-^  °f  crushing 

.111 1.,  r,.,,,.  „,,  ,„.„,  ,„„ ,.,',:'  ;?r",;;ii;;!.;;:™?'. '■■•'■'"'''"  °'  ""■  """■  "«'»'<■  '•■■■■""« 


F-^iR    r»ij.^-x-. 


If  your  (lealtT  does  not  keoii  the  "Af'MV  f,  ..  i  .  ,  , 
you  by  assuring  you  tl,at  l,e  hu.s  Holthful/  fe.te  ^sAT  IL'v  ''!'"  """"  '"^  ^"  '"'«■•'"■• '"'"'  "" 
ON  TRIAL.  M>wills.naitont.Ial,r,rfit  kerj  L  ^  VOURSELF  hy  ordering  on. 
U.m  e.ar«e..    We  don.  as.  U.  ^^^^l^^^^^^^^  

Send  for  Pamphlet  containing  Hundreds  of^^timonials  from  44  Different 

States  and  Territories. 


M<*nnfactory  and  Principal  O/flce, 


/[^ 


; 


.V 


t 


shij. 


^D  I'E/i  TISF:At/:NTS. 


63 


»     'L' 


xt- 

nd 
"K 
ml 

It 


FARM   QRIST   MILLS  AND   SHELLERS. 

OViiR  30,000  NOW  IN  USE. 

Every  machine  fully  warranted  to  •uit, 
or  money  refunded. 


Price  of  Mills,  a  to  Wi  Mrs,  $5, 

Do  not  buy  a  Mill  or  Bheller  until  you  have 
Been  our  terms  and  Illustrated  Circular 

AddresH,  with  stamp,  — 1         j_  in 

nVINGSTON &J0.,  IronFounders.  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 
^icHOUGH'S    FORESlRYDli^^" 

THE  PLANTING  AND  CARE  OF  FOREST  TREFS 

,,„,,  „•::••  •"■ "■•"  '"  I" '.  -■•  «ivi...  s„«., '  ™r^^  TREES, 

IIIK    (l.'KATI«,N     AND    ('ARK    UV    W(„„„    v  M>s 

want.  „iHl  r„M(ll,l.„M  ..l"thrl^,it,.,|srat,s  ''"''•*■  "'"''I"'''!  '"  <1''' 

ln<KP..rK..,iKvnn   M.mmon  I.  s,  Dk.-mmmfv,     .^ 
KI..Hy  III„s.rHte.l.     Pri..-,  *.-  „o       «-,„  ,  .         "    "'"^^'   "^   A,.,.,,  ,  ,, nn.K. 


Eagle  ilnvi!  Woi^h, 

Kittabliilied   1843, 

"Illy  iimkirs  jti  ih,    f   s  ,,f 

SAW  MAKERS'  ANVILS. 

Til,.  fi.lli.wiMK  iin  ,nn-  s,     i,l„r,i  sizes,  viz: 


I'OUIKis 

Nl 

y*> 
'*.") 

H\ 

Kt 

Kill 

nil 

14(1 

J. "ill 
Itill 

nil 

]K(I 
lIH) 
3(K) 
335 

230 
340 
350 
375 
•*0 
30(1 
360 
StMl 
.")Oll 

<i7r) 


FACE. 


LENdTH. 


Indies 

H 
« 
9 

10 

9 

11 

10 
to 

« 

11 

13 

13 
11 

lU 

14 

13 

15 

12i 

14 

10 


WIUTU. 


Indies. 
4 
(i 
4» 
fit 
0 
4* 
0 

5i 

6 
0 
»1 

^ 

H 
fi 

5i 
4i 
111 
B 

I'l 
111 
1; 
Si 

;'i 


Inrhus. 


Other  siiediiJ  sizes  mmie  tc.  «.ii|.t. 


f.J  I 

<>  I 

!t  i 

5  I 

H  I 

0  I 

H* 

H 

» 
10* 
10* 

!'» 

III     ' 
Hi 
13 
B* 
13 

Hi 

e* 

11* 

13 
13 
14 

141 


FLORAL  ^UIDE 

FOR   1884 

Is  an  Elegant  Book  of  150  Pages, 

2  Colored  Plates 

tha^'l'rmn    T?f^   yegetables.  and   more 
Klow..rs  "Pi  °,  IH"»tration8  ,.f  tlie  ,h..i.  esT 

VIOK'S  SEEDS  ARE  THE  BEST 

IntlM    worlil      The  Fi.„kai.  Uim.k  will  t.-U  hu« 
">  get  aiKl  (frow  theni. 


■^IC3C'S 


IllustraW  Monflili  Magazine 

3'-'  piiKes,  a  (Jolnred  I'late  in  every  miniher  an. 
many  Hne  EnKnivlnKs  Price,  %<i',  Tyear-  Fiu 
i  I"-:!  '".■:..*.'!•"'»'■   .SP-^^^VJ"!'"  N'u^nber  sVnt  for  V 


(■ente  ;  3  trial  copies,  sr.  cents 

JAMHf!  rrrnv         ti-,.!.- 


AtOCusstc*-,  N.  Y. 


FARMS. 


150  Delaware  Frnit  ami  drain 
Harms  clieap.  CatiiloKiirs  free. 
A.  I'.  GRIFFITH,  Smyrna,  Del. 


64 


ADVER  T/SEAtENTS. 


I'utUl  for  ClroBlan. 


l«:UD(u.if  isd  C^uiri  BOX 
CHURNS. 

I'liii  AiK  .r  tNiiHrvr.  No 
iiinii.'  iHtiiH'r-.  kikI  iklwayi) 
r"Miii;|i'.  His  iii!«  iif  (i»i;h 
Kiii.l  nm<lH.  'I'hrfHf  Htact'rt  of 
I  hi'    l,eviir    IliKlnr    Wiirkfr 

llllitln.       HnHt  lIlHttTlMJ  llNWl, 

Hh'l  Kvcrv  (.'hum  kiiil  lliit 
ftr  U  iirMtr  WNiTHntiMl  ox 
H'lh  H,4  ri*i>reM(MittMl.  Oni* 
riiinn  At  whnliiMHlH  whcrn 
\vt'  htivn  iin  AUlMiti*.  Hollil 
COUNIHH  i(  CI  Tniri, 

FOHT  ATKIMDON,   WII, 


W.W.IOHNSON'S 


ABRIDGtO  PRICE  LIST    Great 


WILSON'S  PATENT  HAND  BONE  &- 
SHECl  GRINDING  MILLS. 

^  A  viilim))!)'  iimi.'lilni'  for  iIh' 
\^  I'liMltry  iimii,  I"'nrmei-, (Jiirdiii 
IT,  iiikI  II(iii''i'kcc|ii'i'.  liiinils 
(frccii  hdiicM  rltflit  Ciciin  ttic 
ImtcliiT  with  llir  iiifiit  on. 
ilry  liDiir*.  iiystrr  -liclN,  forii,  clc.  It  I-  uImh  a 
ciiinpli'tc  t'liiiillv  kci'ixl  iiitll.  (ii'lnds  stiilc  bi'i'iiil, 
i-riickLT  iliist,  tiikcM  III  whiilc  soda  rnnkci- :  uNu 

t'liiliHin  tldiir,  splccH,  I t«,  I'tc,  t'lf. 

rrlccH,  rroiii      $S.OI>  III  l)lin.lMI 

Send  fur  Test liiii minis. 
WILSON   HKOS..  Kamton,  I»a. 


HBNRV  S.  ISl-.I.IX. 

NOKTinVE.STKHN  IOWA    AM>    SOITII- 
WESTEKN  .MINNKSOTA  LANDS, 

OHU'i-  iif  Sheldon,  O'llrli-ii    Co.,    Iowa,   hikI 

l.iivei'iiF,  Kuck  Vo.,  Minn. 

.Send  for  monthly  "Land  Journal"  fi'ee. 


TO  PUBUSHERS! 

Publishers  of  Newspapers  and  other 
periodicals  are  hereby  respectfully  in- 
vited to  make  any  extracts  from  this 
book  which  they  may  consider  of  value 


to  their  readers,  at  the  same  time  giv- 
ing proper  credit  to 


SEEBimaS  BY  MAIL 

S(( mcly  imckcil  in  iiki.sm,  wriipiicil  in  oilcii 
impcr  uiiil  poHliinc  paid.  If  onlcrcd  .Hciit 
liy  rc|L,'ist(T(Ml  mail  I  will  f;iiaraiilci'  their 
safe  arrival  in  jjixid  iiiiidiijon  lo  utn  \\  (). 
in  llic  I'nitt'd  Stales.  C'o.st  of  re^riwterinic 
(ten  eent.s  ext  ra  on  each  packaire  sent  i  to  he 
paid  liy  purchaser. 

Mime.  oiM.        PtrJOO.  PsrlOOO. 

Ho.\  Mder 4loliins,  |0  tio.    i;j  ,50 

Sulfur  Mapl(,' 4  "  (I 

Silver  Maple 0  "  II 


Red  .Maple 4  "  0 

.VilanthuM  ...4  "6 

En.  White  Hireh  .'.3  "4 
.Vni.  While  Hirch..;)  "4 

Kardy  <  aldpa 4  "  6 

.lapun.  Catulpa 4  "  0 

Teas'  I'fttalpa 4  "  6 

Oreen  Ash 4  "  6 

Honey  [joeiist 4  "  fl 

Sweet  (Juni 3  "4 


Syeuniore (1 


I'ear 

Mlaek  I.oeiist 

I'liplaraDil  Uilluw  rullin;;!, 
Norway  Spniee 


3 
A 
Ileniloek  Spruce. .4 

Seriili  Pine 4 

Austrian  Pine...     3 

.4 

3 

.3 

4 


Corsiean  Pine 
White  Pine... 


Scotch  Pine 3 

Am.  Arlior  Vitie     .3 
.4 


0 
"6 
"6 

•  4 
"  (1 
"6 
••  6 
••4 
"0 
"  4 
"4 
"0 
"4 
"4 
"6 


40. 

7(». 
1  00. 

70. 

TiO. 

(10. 

70. 
I  (10. 

a  00. 

50. 

70. 
3  00. 
1  '20. 
3  00. 

(to. 
1  00. 

no. 

1  00. 

70. 
3  UO. 

(10. 
1  (10. 
I  00. 
1  00 
1  30. 
1  (10. 

(10. 

70. 


2  00 
4  50 
(i  (10 
4  00 

3  00 

3  50 

4  OO 
8  00 

10  00 

3  00 

4  00 
15  00 

7  00 

11  00 
3  50 

8  00 

3  50 
«  00 

4  00 
1(1  00 

3  50 
(i  00 

5  50 
5  50 
7  00 
5  50 

3  00 

4  00 


( ( 


FOREST  LEAVES." 


Also  the  following  Collection  for  ONE 
DOLLAR  each,  mailed  free  : 

No.  1.  10  each  of  first    10  iiboveTarietifs.  |1  00 

"  3.  10  each  of  ne.M    8    "         "  1  00 

"  3.  10  each  of  last     8    "         "  1  00 

"  4.  50  Ku.  Hasswood,  3  to  4  ills.,  100 

"  5.  200  Ani.HliitpKliii....  3   '  4  "  1  00 

•  0.  35  Tulip  Trees  ..  3  "  4  "  1  00 

'■  7.  50  I5lack  Cherry.  4  "  6  "  1  00 

All  of  the  above  7  Collections  ami  ii  coiiy 
of  'Forest  Leaves"  for  ^(i.(M). 

rjdrger  sizes  .sent  hy  mail.  Write  for 
prices  stilling;  what  is  wanted.  In  ordering; 
hy  ahove  numbers  say  "n.t  di/rer/wd  in 
l<'iir<iit  /.nin.y."  for  I  olTer  numbered  col- 
lections in  my  regular  list,  and  if  this  were 
omitted  it  might  lead  to  confusion.  ]{egu- 
lar  Wholesale  Price  List  sent  free  to  all 
wiio  ask  for  it. 

SNOWFLAKE,    Alllliiu  (V>.,   .MiCII. 


Tin: 


FO 


Below  a 
1  These  price; 
They  includ 
vised  to  ord( 
hy  freiirht  t( 
paynieni  of 


Norway  Spr 
Balsam  Fir  ( 
Hemlock  Sp 
Austrian  Pin 

H  I  • 

(I  i . 

('orsican  Pin 
White  Pine( 

<  I  It 

'  (  t  I 

Scotch  Pino  ( 

Am.  Arbor  V 
"         it 

Ho.\  Elder  (.1 

Sugar  Maple 
Silverleaf  Ma 
Fied  Maiile  (. 
Tree  of  1  leavi 
Kti.  White  15i 
Am.  White  B 


SON'S 

C[  LIST 

ISS4. 

rMAIL 


ni))|ii'il  in  oiled 

It  oidcrcd  Hciif, 

imninic 

'   thcit' 

in  Id  iitn 

P.  (). 

of  ri')i\ 

Htciint; 

kiiu'c  sent)  to  l)e 

PorJOO, 

FtrlOOO. 

|()  (!(). 

t-i  w 

40. 

•i  00 

7(», 

t  .50 

1  00. 

(i  00 

TO. 

4  00 

r.o. 

:)  00 

(10. 

;t  50 

70. 

4  0(1 

I  (10. 

H  00 

a  00. 

10  oo 

50. 

!!  00 

70. 

4  00 

:}  00, 

15  00 

I  20. 

7  00 

2  00. 

11  00 

00. 

:{  50 

1  00. 

8  00 

(!0. 

3  50 

1  00. 

(;  00 

70. 

4  00 

:!  (10. 

](!  00 

(iO. 

li  50 

1   00. 

(i  00 

1  00. 

5  50 

1  00 

5  50 

1  !iO. 

7  00 

1  00. 

5  50 

(iO. 

.'i  00 

70. 

4  00 

tion  for 

ONE 

ed  free 

ve  Tiirielii's, 

|1  00 

■' 

1  00 

" 

1  00 

0  4  ins., 

1  00 

'  4  " 

1  00 

'  4  " 

1  00 

•  0    ■ 

1  00 

in.s  and  i 

)0. 

.      Wri 

1  fopy 

('  for 

In  on 

k'l-nvj; 

(ii/rerfi 

H(t     ill 

1 1  in  lie  re 

i     Odl- 

id  if  tlii> 

wcrc 

iisKin, 

|{("gli- 

nt  free 

to  illl 

f*«>  ,^^  ^ 

>3^Xlif 

Co.,  M 

U  H. 

ADVEKTISEMKNfs, 


«l 


W.  W.  JOHNSON'S 

Great  Seedling  Irsery  anil  Seed  flense, 

E.\<'M)MIVKI,V    DRVOTKll  T(( 

Tin:    I»l{()l»A(iATI()N    AND    DIHSILMINATION     OF 
TkKi:  SKI] DUNGS  AM)  TUKi:  SKEDS 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTING, 

IS    LdCATKI)    .\r 

Snowflake,  Antrim  Co.,  Mich. 


,           Hrlow  ar.-  ,1  k'W  ((uotMlionH  from  the  lutcst  VVI.()l...sul(.  Price,  f.i.si  issued  l)y  this  liouw 

licxc  prici-H  are  for  the«prin.ir  ..f  1(»H4,  and  nre  suLject  to  vaiiution  after  timt  time 

I  hry  include  ho.vinir,  |.aci<inu.  „nd  free  delivery  on  l.oard  the  cars.  Customers  are  mV 

vised  to  order  th.^ir  ^oods  slnppe.l  l,y  expr,.ss  in  prelereiice  to  freitrht,  and  if  ordered  sent 
Oy  Irci  .1,1  in  mclud,.  in  their  remittiiiiee  an  aiLount  .su(Hcieiit  to  provide  for  the  pre- 
|»iiym(.ni  nf  fn.iuJii  charires. 

NURSERY   GROWN   SEEDLINGS. 

i;\  KIMiHKKNW. 

Tvr              ^                ...            .  ''"I'.  PirlOO.  Per  1000. 

Norway  Spruce  (.14;.,.  ,:,-nh„) :j  ,o  4  ins.  *0  15  <0  (iO  *:!  to 

,,,"      ,,.     ',,.     ,■■,        "               -         4t()(iins.  25  100  r>  00 

Halsam  !•  ir  (.1/,,,'.,  hulmme,,) .  4  to  (J  ins.  35  1  GO  .-,  oO 

„    ",     ,  "^       ",.,,"        (JtoOias.  .50  t>  00  10  00 

Hemlock  Spruce  (Ahu-s  VunmlemU) 4  to  (i  Ins.  15  (|0  ;j  OQ 

.       ".             "           "              "             OtoOiiis  35  100  ,-.00 

Austnnu  Piue  {Piii  ,„  Av^tnW.,) . .  ;j  to  4  ins.  15  00  3  00 

[[         [[          [[             " 4  too  ins.  35  100  5  00 

,,      .         ..."       „."              "           OtoOins.  .-jO  3  00  10  00 

( -or..ican  Pin,.  ( hi,  11,  L„riri„)      ;j  t„  4  ins.  25  1  00  5  00 

wiu'    rr        „•                                      4to(;ins.  ;iO  I'iO  0  00 

White  Pine  (/W.s^n;/,,,.,) y  to  4  iii.s.  25  100  .-,00 

[[        ''        -■■ 4  to  dins.  :iO  120  0  00 

„„„,,„.'       „."        '' (itoOins.  .50  2  00  10  00 

Scotch  Pine  ( /'»;,»,,  Si/hr.stn.)  y  ,„  4  j,,,.  05  ,  ,,0  5  00 

.        ,   ,       ,..        „„        '        .-.  4to0iii.s.  40  100  «  00 

Am.  .Vrbor  \  iUv(J/i,iJ,i  ,.r,i,hi,tulis) a  to  4  ins.  l.",  50  2  50 

,1          'I              '\           *  too  ins.  15  GO  ;i  00 

■  «  loiMns.  ..'.T  1  00  5  00 

Ho.x  Elder  (.l..,.  ,„;,u,Hh). 4  ,„  g  i„,  15  ^^  ^  ^.^ 

u          ,,     ,      '.                   (itoOins.  20  80  4  00 

Sugar  Maple  (.!,.('/■  .,,<,•,./„„./„„,„) 4  to  (5  ins.  10  30  100 

bilverleaf  .Maple  {.\,;r  ,hi.sn/,vrp,iiii) «  to  9  ins.  15  50  2  50 

nedM'aiAo(Arerim,nnii) 4  to  6  in.s.  25  100  ^00 

1  ree  of  Heaven  {.Ulant/n,,  ulaudulosa) 4  to  (i  ins.  15  60  S  00 

Ku.  White  15irch  (AW./.  ,,/H 4to0ins.  15  60  3  00 

Am.  White  Ijirch  (Ikiuin  pa,iyr„rei,) 4  to  C  ins.  15  60  \  00 


66 


\ 


AD  VER  TISEMENTS. 


DECIDrorS    VAIUETTES-COXTIXVED 

Hardy  Catalpa  (CUn'jin  uprrion,,) 4  ^^    g  . 


Tens' Hvhri.l  Catalpa  (Now)  . 


ins. 

,,  ,.  ^_  6  to    9  ins. 

•   „  ,,  ,,  _^  9  to  12  ins. 

,  ^      ,  "  12  to  18  inw 

Japanese  Catalpa  {C„tafp,>  KoempfeH). 4  to    6  in.s. 

..  ,,  ,_  "         6  to    9  ins. 

9  to  12  ins. 

13  to  18  ins. 

...  ...  '^^'^    **  ins. 

,1  []     Cto    9ins. 

-  9  to  12  ins. 

„  ,,      .  "      12  t«  18  ins 

Common  (  atalpa  (Gifnf^,,,  Mononioidex) 13  to  18  ins'. 

18to34in.s. 

Am.  Whi'e  A.sll-■^utrK-f^>„.m,,/,,  Ameriunu,)'  9  to  12  ins 
Qncn  \H\i(Fr.>.n„ux  nridix)    .  4in    «i„^' 

Honey  \.ncxi^i(GlrdiM,i„  trim-anfMs) .....   ...  4  to    6  ins. 

()  to    9  ins. 

u        .  ,,  ,.        "  "  9  to  12 

Sweet  Gum  ( /jf/iii</,iin/>a-  xft/racifftin)  . .- 3  to 

Pear  (Pi/nis  f;„„,inn,iK) '. 


ins. 
4  ins. 

Red  0,ik  ( Q,>,r,-ux  r„lm,) ^^'   ''^.^^    "  ^  '"    ^  '''^' 

Blark  Locust  {Ii„/iiniii  /isoidnrnri,,) 


Kuropean  Basswood  ( 7V//,/  /-Jn, ■<>/„,;>). 

Silverleaf  Poplar,  cuttings 

liOmbardy        ■  •• 

Large  White  " 

Balsam  '■ 

Wisconsin  Weeping  Willow,  cuHin.'s 


to  12  ins. 
6  to    0  ins. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ins. 


1  to 
i  to 

2  to 


PtrlO. 
$0   15 
25 
35 
50 
35 
50 
75 
1  00 
50 
75 
1  00 
1  3.-) 
35 
50 
75 
50 
10 
•  15 
25 
50 
75 
50 
33 
15 
35 
75 
50 
35 
25 
25 
25 
35 


Per  100. 
10  60 
1  00 

1  50 

2  00 

1  50 

2  00 

3  00 

4  00 

2  00 

3  00 

4  00 

5  00 

1  50 

2  00 

3  00 
3  00 

40 
60 

1  00 
3  00 
3  00 

2  00 
1  50 

60 

1  50 

3  00 

2  00 
1  00 
1  00 
1  00 
1  00 
1  00 


S  K  K  I)!S. 


Per  02. 

Norway  3pnice |0  25 

Balsam  Fir.. 3-, 

*^'>^'''''  ^^"- "'"  20 

Euroi)ean  Lan.li 35 

Au.strian  Pine jj-, 

Corsican  Pine 40 

Maritime  Pine.. 3Q 

Scotch  I'ine .'"^  l^^ 

Box  Elder ],) 

iN  orwii y  Jlajile 0,5 

Sycamore  JIapIc 20 

Scarlet  -Maple. 20 

Ailanthus  ..  ..«: 


Per  lb. 

>?1  .->o 

3  00 
1  00 
3  00 
3  00 
3  00 

1  00 

2  00 
60 

1  50 
1  00 
1  00 
1  50 
1  00 
1  00 

1  00 

2  00  ■ 
1  00  i 


Hard\ 


Per  oz, 
Catalpa,... |o  40 


Japanese  Catalpa 
Am,  White  Ash. 
Black  Ash 


75 
10 
25 
0 
20 


Oreen  Ash ^ 

P^urnpcan  Assh 

Honey  Locust 15 

Black  Walnut '   '" 

Osage  Orange 

Sycamore 

Pear. 

Black  Locust 

Mountain  Ash 

European  Basswood.Sinall  Leaver:. 

Lartfelearpd, 
American         " 


European  Aider 20 

Berberry g^ 

Eu,  White  Birch go 

Yellow  Birch..  o-. 

European  Hornbeam 20 

WhaLS;:^^'lii^°:;;S*;^;;;r  P^,P-'nclHclditional  to  the  above  prices. 


15 
30 

40 
30 
30 
20 
20 
20 


White  Elm 35 


Per  1000. 
|3  00 
5  00 
7  50 
10  00 
7  50 
10  00 
15  00 
20  00 
10  00 
15  00 
20  GO 
25  00 
7  50 
10  00 
15  00 
10  00 

2  00 

3  00 
5  00 

15  00 
10  CO 

7  50 

3  00 

7  50 
15  00 
10  00 
5  09 
5  00 
5  00 
5  00 
5  00 


Per  lb, 
13  50 

5  00 
60 

1  00 
50 

1  GO 
75 
10 
75 

1  00 

2  50 
1  00 
1  00 
1  00 
1  00 
1  00 
3  00 


t.rl 


Hegular 


A  D  VER  TISEMEN  TS. 


67 


TO    COHRESPONDENTS. 


1  lake  this  opportunity  ol  returning  siuccro  tiiunlis  to  customers  tor  tiie  many  tlatter- 
ing  tostinioniiils  received  during  tlie  pitst  season,  and  it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  know 
tliat  my  elTorts  to  please  customers  are  so  well  appreciated.  It  is  impo.ssible  to  publish 
all  such  letters  received,  as  it  would  lake  a  large  volume  to  hold  them,  but  I  have  selected 
a  few  at  random  and  in.sert  tiiem  below  as  samples  for  the  benefit  of  intending  pur- 
chasers. 

St.vcicvvii.i.k,  Mitchell  Co.,  Iowa.,  Ajiril  14th,  is^SJ. 
To  W.  W.  Johnson  : 

Dear  Sir— The  too  Hemlock  Spruce,  as  ordered,  are  ul  hand.  I  am  much  pleased 
with  them  ;  they  are  much  larger  and  nicer  i)lants  than  I  expected  at  the  price.  Ilopini: 
to  receive  your  circulars  as  issued.  I  am    vours  trulv. 

A.   W.  PENXHY. 


E.Mi'Oi(i.\.  Kansas,  April'JTtb,  1881 
Mii.  W.  W.  Jcuknson: 

Dear  Sir— The  trees  came  through  in  good  order.     Thanks  for  e.xtra  Miai)les 

MAX  FAWC'ETT. 


TOT  (lUKiCNWK  ir  St.,  Nkw  Vouk,   .May  "Jd,  188:!. 
Dear  Sir— 1  mailed  you  a  lellcr  of  incpury  about  my  tree  seedlings  this  morning,  and 
gave  order  for  .seeds      To  day  the  trees  came  all  correct.     Am  highly  jjleased  with  them. 

Truly,  C.  IT."  DRIMMOXI). 


Sioix  F.^Li.s.  D.  T.,  Feb   4th,  1883. 
Dear  Sir— Sugar  maile  trees  and  seeds  just  received.      The  trees  .-.re  in  good  con- 
dition. ,  Verv  re-peetfulh. 

M.  W.  PUL.XEK. 


I'nii.i.ii'siii  i{(;    Kansas,  May  1st,  188:1. 
Dear   Sir  — Trees  arrived  all  ().  K.;    have  tlie  larger  part  set  out  ;  ground  in  good 
condition.  Yours,  etc, 

II   S.  c*L  \V.  I).  GKAX(iEl{. 


I  as 


(iiiKKi.KV.  Colo'ado,  Mav  Tth.  1S8:!. 
Mn.    .TcMIMSO.N  : 

Dear  Sir— The  seedlings  received  in  good  condition.     Got  lliciu  planted  in  favorable 
time,  and  hope  for  good  results.  Yours,  etc.. 

GEO.  W.    lUELL. 


...    ,„    ,  I'.\s.M)KN\,  Cal..  Mav  7tli.  188;i. 

v\ .  W.  .loitxsoN,  Snowthike,  Mich.: 

Dear  Sir  — The  trees  ordered  arrived  yesterday  in   good  condition,  and  aresatis- 

fHCtory.  Respectfully  your.s, 

F.  C.  SHELDON,  M.  D. 


68 


A  D  VER  TISEMENTS. 


„      .     ,        ,  FiiE.jHoi.i),  Penn.,  Mav  "611)   issa 

Received  goods  the  21th.    Many  thanks  for  extras.  ««1'.  1883. 

Yours  truly,  WASH.  COLTON. 


Mii.  W.   W.  Johnson  :  Gikakd,  II].,  April  27fh,  188;5. 

con<S  ""■"'""  '""""  ^''""^  ^""  ^""""'^'  ""^  ^«"'  "-'—  a"  ri^h.    in   ,ood 

Yours, 

S.  W.  STILZMAN. 


W.  W.  Johnson  :  Cai.istooa,  Napa  Co.,  Cal,,  July  iGth,  1883. 

Dfar  Sir-Will  you  please  send  n.o  your  price  list  for  1883?      If  you  make  vonr 

;;;r:,r'"S;:''>5';r"'''''-'S''"'''  ^^'^^^^  r-^-c- you  anticipated  x  z 

ue  o  e.    The  >„  W  .scons.n  ^^  cc,.H.g  Willow  cuttings  you  sent  me  last  spring  nil  live, 
an.l  arc  maku.g  rapul  growth.     At  this  date  they  are  five  feel,  and  have  at  h  h.^  ' 

months  yet  to  grow  hefore  frost.  Yours  truly. 

IKA  W.  ADAMS. 


npor  csi..    T  ,  1       1  K\  ANs,  Colorado,  June  21st,  1883. 

near  Sh-I  take  pleasure  hi  stalu.g  to  you  (hat  the  tre.s  ordered  last  spring  came  ff» 
1-  n.nn  hue  shape,  and,  although  remaining  at  the  H,  R.  Station  ten  .lays  ,  hv'.    "v. 
Sight),  all  are  now  doing  finely,  and  I  an.  much  pleased  with  your  stock      Sh       ord'  r 
more  of  you  h,  the  fall,  and  will  reconuueud  you  to  buyers  in  your  line. 

Yours  truly,  gko.   II.   HOWE. 


TW,.  «i..     M         .,      ,     ,  XoUTH  Bkni>,  Ohio,  April  3,  1883. 

Dea.  i^M-Many  thanks  for  samph.s  of  Hardy  Catalpa  a.ul  White  Ash  seeds  ■  both 
are  correct  as  I  believe.     Catalpa  presumably  home  grown.  ' 

Vours,  .rxo.  -A.   WAHDKU. 


Mu.   W.   W.  Johnson:        ^'°'  '"'  ^"''■''''•'^■"  ^■''-  J^'^«'''>'"^-.  ^^r="^«--  •'■'Iv  9th,  1883. 

Dear  Sir-It  is  due  toy,,,,  that  I  say  that  the  500  seedlings,  Iw  mail  last  sinin-r  •u-e 
<loH.g  exceedingly  wcll.all  living  with  slight  evception  and  lo.ilcing  tlniHy    ^^^  Sp 
-"-^■h  I  w,o.e  yo,.  May  -d  (at  the  time  set)  looked  lifeless,  are  the  n.ost  thrift  vo,,dl 

Uespoctfully  yours,  S.  ('.   HOPKINS. 


nil.,  Muy'^Stli,  1883. 
WASH.  COLTON. 

II.,  April  37tli,  1883. 
Civmo  all  riiihl    in   good 
i.  W.  STILZMAN. 

ill,,  July  IGth,  W>i3. 

f3?  If  you  inako  your 
iinticipated)  please  send 
me  la.st  spring,  all  lived 
.nd  liavc  at  lc^>=t  three 

IK  A  W.  ADAMS. 


lo,  June  31.st,  1883. 
'red  la.st  spring  came  to 
ten  days  diy  an  over. 
:)ur  stock.     Shall  order 
iir  line. 
UKO.   II.  ilOVVE. 


>lii(),  April  3,  188.3. 
Vhite  Ash  seeds  ;  l)otli 

).  A.  wahi)p:i{. 


■  ,  July  (jtli,  1883. 

w  mail  last  spring,  are 
t  thrifty.  The  Catalpus 
emost  thrifty  of  all 
5.  C.   IIOPKINS. 


IR  now  rpa.lv  for  rtlstrllmtlon.  and  Ir  ronneded  bv  both  Press  and  Pnbllc  t«  be  "Tbe  most  bcantlftil  niid  ""''<'"' '^;'!' 
OLr^n.n»"e--/r  I) Ml  lislu-  ••  ltT"iir"f ub"^^  lluHtratod  with  truthful  cnifravlnps .if  the  best  KruitB,  an<  In r^V'*''  ,!^'!^^ 
!,rf';rma"i..n  vlllial.l.  t'.  Imi  int.T.'ste.l  In  tiieli  culture.    The  descrlptlonB  are  accurate,  honest,  and  the  prices  mod- 


erate.  Jf'ree to <iU uppUcaiUa.  tseadioriu 


tftf  Spedattv.  In  addition  to  all  the  Standard  Varieties 
I  liiive  a  liirse  and  Hun.irl.ir  ntn.'k  of  the  Invaluable  extra 
early  raBpbcrry,  the  IIAN!<EIili>  of  which  lain  the  lu- 
trodueer.  .\l«o,  8oiiie(i\n  and  Ttler  Uaspherrles; 
KAUIiV  H.\JtVEST,  \ViLR().\,,7u.,andEAHi,Y t'l.is- 
rKiililaekberrles,  Atlantic,  Daniel  Buoxk,  Man.iies- 

•IK.R,   Ol.I)    |K(1N-('L,\!),   ,)a.HK9  Vll^K,  PHIN<  KOP  ItKKIMKS, 

Le.iai,  Tejjdkr,  and  other  new  Strawberries;  JESSICA 
(the  superb  n.'W.  .'arlv  white  Grape,  of  whieh  I  have  tlio 
exclusive  sale  In  Die  I'nlted  States),  PorKLiNOTON.KARi  Y 
ViCTou,  Lady  Wasiuxotun,  etc.;  I'Aif'B  Prolikio  Cub- 
kaKT, 


liimenibi-r  the  Catalogue  eoBts  you  nothing  and  may  save  you  a  great  deal. 
Four  Frnlt  KnrniH.     I     Address,     ^     J.  T.  LOVETT, 


Tn  thisdepnrtmPvtaspednUvliimarfforthe  PEACH. 
200.O00  t^iie  TrtiK,  icorkut  imKlorkn(ifOini  fniiniiiilii- 
rut  Teiiiie^Hee  seedfU.iit  entlvelij  fvi-e/riiiii  •■  iicHoicg,"  or 
any  other  dineane.  All  the  Standard  Varieties  In  large 
supply  and  a  lino  stock  of  sueh  new  s.irts  as  SCIIl'- 
MAHKlt,  Waokb,  WATEiti.on.  WnEATi.AXi),  I.oiidPat,- 
MFiisTiiN,  etc  Among  the  other  novi'ltles  In  Fruit  Trees 
1  win  name  Vei.i.ow  Transparent,  UEiir.TETi.iiiEiMKR, 
and  I,AN.iF..Ri>  Apples:  KIEFFER'S  »•)  IlK  V> '<"'} 
IjoCONTE  Pears;  KrssiAN  Apricot;  CHAMPION 
(lulnee.  A  large  stock  of  Nut  Brnrlnif  Trees,  embrac- 
ing both  Standard  and  Hew  Varieties. 


Three  <ireenliouK«s.  ^ 


(  Inlrniltirfr  nf  the.  Cxtthr 
\       herl  U'luplifrni  iintt 
Little  Silver,  Hew  Jersey .( Mancheeter  strawberry 


If  You  Propose  Buying  a  Windmill 


OET   FVl.I.   INPOIIMATION    OP  THE 


VANELESS  SELP-REaULATINa 

WINDMILL. 

If  you  want  tlii'  Ageiiev  fur  tlie  bust  Windmill,  iuvestigato  the 
MERITS    OF    THE    CHAMPION. 

Every  Mill  fully  Warranted  and  ALWAYS  gives  Satisfaction. 

20  yoars'  experience  in  the  maiufactute  of  Fuapg  »1  WiBdallli. 

AlO-ft  Mill  will  pump  from  .W  to  300  biirrols  of  water  ovory  2t  hours  ;  It 
will  biiiulle  ii  pump  in  ii  w.'ll  l.W  feet  lU'ep  Also  miiiiufiietiirers  of  the 
Star  W.)i)il  Pumps  Doonuid  Window  Screens,  Uoss  Sickle  tirlnders,&e,.  To 
dealers  we  .'an  offer  super- 
ior 111. luci'inoiits  to  handle 
our  goods.  Over  ;1,(KI0 
deulers  are  n.iw  handling 
our  manufactures. 

Also  iniinufacturers  of  Hunting,  Fishing  and  Pleasure  Boats.    Send  for  Cfitalogue  A  feu-  Windmills  and 
Catalogue  B  for  Il.iats. 

WAV  KEG  AN,  ILL.,   U.  S.  A, 


^ 


0 


•n-"**'?,'      »W»»\?;-> 


Kg^ 


mmmmmimmt 


U.  S  Law  to^ncourage  Tree  Planting. 


nfi  It  nnacted  bv  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  »n  Con- 
n"  bVandth''e'Lme  is'he7eb;  Hmended  .o^s  to  read  as  ^"'1":'«  = /^'^^  «i).V;'l'-«,'Jf^  the°T  n Ue'd'sta'^^  ' 

lo?^on  anyTeira  sub  Uv  sionof  eiithty  acres,  ortwo  and  one-half  acres  on  any  lejal  s»hdlv  si  n  of  forty 

aS^es  "tuJ  BhM  be  cntl  led  to  a  patent  for  tiie  whole  of  said  quarter-section,  or  of  such  lee"l  subdlN-t^ 

r  1 ,  (V    -  f  rt  V  w.rps  or  fractlonnl  subdivision  of  less  than  forty  acres,  as  the  cnso  may  he.  at  the  eXpinr 

th«none-n.mrterof  anr^^^^  shall  be  thiis  pranted,  and  that  no  person  shall  »ake  inoro  thanow 
f-ntry  ii"  l<'r  the  provisions  of  (lii.s  act. 

SBC.  2.    That  the  person  applyinR  for  the  benefits  of  'his  act  shall,  upon  apr  ligation  to  the  r^^^^^^ 
of  the  land-district  in  which  he  or  she  is  about  to  make  such  entry,  make  affldaMt,  before  the  leKiatM  or 
the  receiver, . .r  t he  clerk  of  some  court  of  record  or  officer  authorised  to  admm.sier  ^^^'VavinL  filed 
where  thr  Itnulis  situuted  ;  which  afBdavft  Shall  be  as  follows,  to  wl. :    I.        . ':  .TTr~LVt  to  Tmend 

mv  aDDlh  atlon   number .  for  an  entry  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  PntitlecT  ^  An  Act  to  «mena 

^^„,S  PI  im  .>1  '  All  \it  I     .noouimte  the  crowth  of  timber  on  the  Western  Prairies,'      approved 

ana.^teulifW    A,^A  t  _    J^  ''.'W^tn^^^^^  the  head  of  a  family  i or  ojer  twenty-one  years  of 

^;  and'a  cwien  of  ihV  United  States  .or  have  declared  my  Intention  to  become  such):  that  the 
Sfction  of  land  specified  in  mv  said  applicntion  is  composed  exolnsively^ywlrle  lands,  or  .other  lands 
rtnJAfrtf.f  Mmber  that  thisflliii  and  entry  Is  luado  for  the  cnltlvatM  of  timber,  and  for  my  own 
eTcl.  Rivo  us^ami  Iteneflt-  that  have  made  the  said  appHcafion  in  good  faith,  and  not  for  the  purpose 
orsoeTulaMon  or  Hrectly  or  indlreotly  for  the  use  or  benefit  of  any  other  person  or  persons  whomso- 
«ip?-  that  iTnten  1  to  hold  and  cultivate  the  I  >nd.  and  to  fully  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  said 
act-  an  1  hat  I  ha"'  not  heretofore  ma<!  •  an  entry  under  this  act,  or  the  acts  of  which  |W» »»  a^en^lf  t^.^- 

ac?e8  b?olSn  the  seeoS  year,  'and  to  planf  In  timber,  seeds,  or  cuttlties  the  Hve  acres  A/st  h'cKe,,  or 

?;?owP<l  «n^  to  milt  vate  and  put  in  crop  or  otherwise  the  remalnlne  five  acres,  and  the  fourth  year  to 

S  ant  n^imbeneeds  <?cu^^^  Allentrlesof  lefs  quantltythan  one-quarter 

firtion  si  Si  Iw  Xwed  nl^^^^^^  and  planted  to  trees,  trt-e-secds  or  outtlnRS.ln  the  same 

m«nnnr Im  In  the  a^B  oVoTOrtlon  a  for  a  quarter-section  :  Provided,  however, 

ffilncft"tl"Str'eS?sS?orcStUnVslalibede^.royed 

drmith  forony  vearor  terms  of  years,  the  time  for  plantlne  stich  t.eec.  s^v^ds,  or  cuttln«  shall  be 

SeS"fntVrrbyorhrJr*s?rs\^^^^^^ 

S^ltster  a?^d  the  reviver  of  ^^^^^  an  afB.lavit.  corroborated  by  two  witnesses,  set  ng 

£S  Srd!:te«'^ofs,rci^J^r^=^^^^^^^^^^^ 

?h?^aftP?  t      nerson  maklnT^^^^  he  or  she  be  dead,  his  o,;  her  heirs  or  lejtalreprepcn- 

tSs  stall  provo'by  fwo  credible  witii.'ssei  that  he  or  she  or  they  have  planted,  and  for  not  less  than 
p?^ht  Sears  have  .tilflvated  and  protected  su.^h  quantity  and  character  of  trrss  as  aforesaid;  that  not 
f  *  firf.?»1;,p^t^«vnnXindrpd  trees  were  planted  on  each  acre,  and  that  at  the  time  of  making  such 
XXKu  beXn  KH '«^^^  l7aM  huhdred  and  sevcnty-Ove  living  and  tHrifty  trees  to  each 
acre,  they  shall  receive  a  patent  for  such  tract  of  land. 

m^  a«r  s  That  if  at  anv  time  after  the  flllnfr  of  said  affidavit,  and  prior  to  the  Issnlne  of  the  patent  for 
S/und  thiiaa  mtms^Sl  fall  to^  comply  with  any  of  the  requirements  of  this  act,  then  and  in  that 
^^nt  mioh  land  ^  laU  bo  su^^^^  entry  5ad«r  the  homestead  law.^  or  by  s(,nje  other  person  under  the 

nl1Sl.?onsorthls  act -Provided.  That,  the  party  makin?  claim  to  said  land,  either  as  a  homestead 
pr^msionsot  inis  »ii.   riw  1.     .  time  of  filinir  hl<  appllcatifw,  such  notlco  to  the  original 

Sa;\'r»tn*t%*?e8oX\llJ;^hfrul'es  eMhed  hj  the  rS^Usloner  of  tho  General  Land  Office; 
MdThe  right"  of  the  parties  shall  be  determtaed  &i  In  other  contested  cases. 

8KC  4  That  no  land  acquired  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall.  In  any  event,  hecome  liable  to 
the  satlstaotlon  of  any  debt  or  debts  oontraotad  prior  to  the  Issuing  of  the  Hnal  certificate  therefoi. 

Run  s  That  tho  rommlsslonor  of  the  General  Land  OfBce  is  hereby  required  to  prepare  and  issuo 
such  '  Ues  and  regulations  consistent  with  this  act,  as  shall  bo  neoossary  and  I"-"P"  to  carry  Us  provl. 
2r„„.iif,f^»=i.».  and  that  the  Tpslsters  and  receivers  of  the  several  land-ofBoes  shall  each  1  e  entitled 
t!°?P,'e"vetw^Voria™^^^^^  the  claim  Is  finally  establtshdd  and 

thr  final  oertlfloate  issued. 

sirr.  fi  That  the  fifth  section  of  the  act  entitled  "An  Act  In  addlr'on  to  an  act  to  punish  -Jitoes 
a^ai1,st  the  -Jnited  Statesratid  for  oth«r  purposes,"  approved  March  third  eizl.tepn  hun.lred  aL^lpy- 
seven!  shall  extend  to  an  oaths,  affirmations,  and  affldavUs  required  or  authori-  ■-  ^v  this  act.      |  ■ 

Hun  7  That  nartlps  who  have  alreadv  made  entries  undr.r  the  acts  appr  „d  S' ■  ,h  third,  eighteen 
..ndMdlndseve^t "three  and  March  tlilrteenth,  eighteen  h;.ndrod  and  sovent-.  "T-of  which  th  s  Is 
!^pndato?v  sh^ll  1)^  r>.'rmlttod  to  uompleto  tho  sami  uoon  full  oomnli  moe  -..Ith  '.^o  provisions  of  this 
^»  ■  thirfs  thBV  shaU.  fit  the  time  of  raalciu?  thMr  dual  proof,  have  Ujd Jnrter  oulUva'lon.  as 
?^qiir]d  bytbls^oran'&'mount  of  timber  sSfflotot  to  make  the  numbor^f  acres  required  by 
this  a'.t 

8bo.  8,    All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  In  conflict  with  this  act  arc  hereby  repealed. ' 

Approved  Jun*  14,  1W8. 


